Substitutional solid solutions of metal hexacyanometalates in which low-spin iron(III) and cobalt(III) ions populate the carbon-coordinated sites were synthesized and studied by powder diffraction ...including Rietveld refinement, cyclic voltammetry of immobilized microparticles, diffuse reflection vis-spectrometry, and magnetization techniques. The continuous solid solution series of potassium copper(II), potassium nickel(II), and iron(III) (hexacyanoferrate(III))1 - x (hexacyanocobaltate(III)) x show that the substitution of low-spin iron(III) by cobalt(III) in the hexacyanometalate units more strongly affects the formal potentials of the nitrogen-coordinated copper(II) and high-spin iron(III) ions than those of the remaining low-spin iron(III) ions. In the case of copper(II) and iron(III) (hexacyanoferrate(III))1 - x (hexacyanocobaltate(III)) x the peak currents decrease much more than can be explained by stoichiometry, indicating that the charge propagation is slowed by the substitution of low-spin iron(III) by cobalt(III). The Rietveld refinement of all compounds confirmed the structure initially proposed by Keggin for Prussian blue and contradicts the structure described later by Ludi. The dependencies of lattice parameters on composition exhibit in all series of solid solutions studied similar, although small, deviations from ideality, which correlate with the electrochemical behavior. Finally, a series of solid solutions of the composition KNi0.5 IICu0.5 IIFeIII(CN)61 - x CoIII(CN)6 x , where both the nitrogen- and carbon-coordinated metal ions are mixed populated and were synthesized and characterized. These are the first examples of solid solutions of metal hexacyanometalates with four different metal ions, where both the nitrogen- and the carbon-coordinated sites possess a mixed population.
Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die motorische Leistungsfähigkeit (MLF) spielt eine zentrale Rolle in der Kindesentwicklung. Über
den Verlauf der MLF über die Grundschulzeit in Abhängigkeit auffälliger ...motorischer Leistungen im Vorschulalter liegen nur wenige Befunde vor.
Fragestellung: Liegen unterschiedliche Entwicklungsverläufe derMLF bei Kindern mitmotorisch auffälligen Leistungen in der Fein- und Grobmotorik
vor? Methode: Innerhalb einer Längsschnittstudie wurden die motorischen Dimensionen Kraft, Ausdauer, Schnelligkeit, Koordination und Beweglichkeit
von Grundschulkindern (N=424) jährlich untersucht und mittels Varianzanalyse mit Messwiederholung geprüft. Ergebnisse: Kinder, die vor
Schuleintritt grob- oder feinmotorische Auffälligkeiten (9-15 %) aufwiesen, blieben in ihrer motorischen Entwicklung deutlich hinter motorisch
unauffälligen Kindern zurück. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung: In der Folge können sich erhebliche Einschränkungen für die Alltagsmotorik und das
Erlernen komplexer Bewegungen ergeben. Um gleiche motorische Startbedingungen für die betroffenen Kinder herzustellen, stellt die Erweiterung
der bewegungsbezogenen Förderung der MLF vor Schulbeginn einen notwendigen Ansatz dar.
Theoretical Background: Motor performance is an important matter in the health-related development of children, particularly for
perception and for establishing a personal and material environment using physical activity. Developmental coordination disorders in preschoolaged
children may relate to lower levels of fine and gross motor development. Short-term longitudinal studies revealed that preschoolers with motor
deficits fall behind in their overall motor performance during the 1st and 2nd grades of primary school. Moreover, the years at primary school are a
meaningful stage in life for children because of its rapid progression in motor-learning capability. Objective: Regarding children in primary school,
little is known about the effects of developmental coordination disorders on the grade-related progression of basic motor abilities (i.e., flexibility,
strength, endurance, speed of movement, coordination). This study analyzes the motor performance development of children over the period of
primary school. Method: Using a longitudinal study design (KOMPASS-2 Study), we examined motor ability development in a sample of N = 424
primary school-aged children (n = 218 girls, 51.4%). To assess levels of motor abilities, we used the German Motor Test (DMT 6-18). Based on
standard screening for school entry, children were separated into two groups based on the status of their fine and gross motor development.
Changes inmotor ability levels were analyzed via robust repeated measures analyses of variance (rmANOVA) regarding developmental group effects,
school timeframe effects, and interaction effects. Results: 9% (n = 39) of the children were classified with a gross motor disorder, and 15% (n = 62)
of the children were classified with a fine motor disorder. The statistical analyses with rmANOVA demonstrated that children with developmental
coordination disorders regarding gross or fine motor developmental status showed lower motor-ability levels on all test tasks compared to children
without disorders. Particularly gross-motor disordered children achieved significantly lower motor-ability levels regarding coordination under time
constraint (jumping sideways) and coordination during dynamic precision tasks (backward balancing). However, motor-ability levels increased
significantly over time for both developmental status groups. Discussion and conclusion: Children with developmental coordination disorders may
experience substantial restrictions to meeting daily physical activities and motor learning of complex movements. To create equal motor
developmental conditions for children just starting school, it is necessary to promote physical activity in general. Interventions should regard a set of
coordination tasks that require children’s attention and speed during movement. Measuring the motor abilities of primary-school-aged children
once a year should be an integral part of communal health monitoring.
