Display omitted
•Inorganic basalt fiber was modified with CPAM as carrier media.•Huge amount of biomass was harvested on the modified BF surface.•The extended DLVO theory was introduced to interpret ...the initial adhesion behavior.•Contributions of different interaction energy to bacteria adhesion was quantified.
Surface properties of carrier are critical for microorganism initial adhesion and biofilm formation in wastewater treatment. Until now, there are few reports on adhesion behaviors between bacteria and inorganic fiber surface. In this study, inorganic basalt fiber (BF) was modified with cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) to make surface more hydrophilic and positively charged. The initial adhesion behaviors of BF modified with CPAM (CMBF) were interpreted by thermodynamics and extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory. According to the total interaction energy calculated by the extended DLVO theory, insurmountable energy barrier between BF and Escherichia coli (E. coli) made irreversible adhesion unachievable due to hydrophobicity and electronegativity of BF, but allowed reversible adhesion at second minimum. By contrast, the energy barrier between CMBF and E. coli could be overcome allowing irreversible bacterial adhesion and thus a huge amount of biomass because of hydrophilicity and electropositivity of CMBF. The results showed the total interaction energies were dominated by Lewis acid-base and electrostatic interactions and coating BF with CPAM could promote initial bacterial adhesion on carrier surface. Overall, the extended DLVO theory provides a comprehensive tool to interpret initial adhesion behaviors between bacteria and inorganic fibers.
The traditional biological nitrogen removal (BNR) follows the conventional scheme of sequential nitrification and denitrification. In recent years, novel processes such as anaerobic ammonia oxidation ...(anammox), complete oxidation of ammonia to nitrate in one organism (comammox), heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification (HN-AD), and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) are gaining tremendous attention after the discovery of metabolically versatile bacteria. Among them, HN-AD offers several advantages because individual bacteria could achieve one-stage nitrogen removal under aerobic conditions in the presence of organic carbon. In this review, besides classical BNR processes, we summarized the existing literature on HN-AD bacteria which have been isolated from diverse habitats. A particular focus was given on the diversity and physiology of HN-AD bacteria, influences of physiological and biochemical factors on their growth, nitrogen removal performances, as well as limitations and strategies in unraveling HN-AD metabolic pathways. We also presented case studies of HN-AD application in wastewater treatment facilities, pointed out forthcoming challenges of HN-AD in these systems, and presented modulation strategies for HN-AD application in engineering. This review may help improve the existing design of wastewater treatment plants by harnessing HN-AD bacteria for effective nitrogen removal.
Display omitted
•HN-AD bacteria have the abilities to convert different nitrogen species into N2.•Existing knowledge mainly relies on conventional nitrogen removal biomarkers.•Multiple factors and their interactive effects influence HN-AD performance.•Nitrogen metabolic pathways remain unclear due to limitations in existing methodology.•Lack of effective modulation strategies is a major challenge in the field.
•This study indicates DC vaccine improves the OS in glioblastoma.•Trend towards improved PFS in glioblastoma was also observed.•DC vaccines were well tolerated in patients with glioblastoma.
...Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination has been suggested to be promising for glioblastoma. However, the evidence in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is inconsistent. We aimed to systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of DC vaccine for glioblastoma via a meta-analysis of RCTs.
Related randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified via a search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane’s Library. We used a random-effect model to pool the results.
Six phase II RCTs with 347 patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent glioblastoma that underwent conventional treatments were included. Compared to the control group with placebo or blank treatment, DC vaccine was associated with significantly improved overall survival in patients with glioblastoma (hazard ratio HR: 0.69, 95% confidence interval CI: 0.49 to 0.97, p = 0.03) with moderate heterogeneity (p for Cochrane’s Q test = 0.07, I2 = 51%). A trend of improved progression-free survival was also detected in patients allocated to the DC vaccine group compared to those in the control group (HR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.56 to 1.02, p = 0.07), with no significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). Moreover, the incidence of adverse events was not significant between patients treated with DC vaccine or control (odds ratio = 1.52, 95% CI: 0.88 to 2.62, p = 0.14; I2 = 0%).
Evidence based on phase II RCTs suggests that DC vaccine may improve the survival of patients with glioblastoma. Large-scale RCTs are needed to validate the findings and determine the optimal regimens for DC vaccine.
Display omitted
•Baffled anaerobic–aerobic bioreactors were used to treat low-strength DWW.•More functional microorganisms were entrapped by introducing MBF carriers.•HN-AD species growth was ...facilitated by influx of low C/N ratio digestate.•Nitrogen metabolic pathways were interpreted based on metagenomics.
In this study, baffled anaerobic–aerobic reactors (AOBRs) with modified basalt fiber (MBF) carriers and felt were used to treat domestic wastewater (DWW). The influent was first treated in anaerobic compartments, with the NH4+-N containing digestate refluxed into aerobic compartment for nitrification. The nitrified liquid was channeled to the anaerobic compartments for further denitrification. Under optimal conditions, AOBR with MBF carriers could remove 91% chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 81% total nitrogen (TN), with biomass production increased by 7.6%, 4.5% and 8.7% in three successive anaerobic compartments compared to the control. Biological viability analysis showed that live cells outnumbered dead cells in bio-nests. Metagenomics analysis showed that multiple metabolic pathways accounted for nitrogen conversion in anaerobic and aerobic compartments. More importantly, low COD/TN ratio digestate facilitated heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) species growth in aerobic compartment. This study provides a promising strategy to source treatment of DWW from urban communities.
The protection of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) is the key direction to improving subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Therefore, developing appropriate targeted drugs and therapies has become an urgent ...task for SAH patients. In this study, we investigated the role of dendritic cells (DCs) exosomal miR‐3064‐5p in repairing the BBB, providing a new basis for treating SAH. We detected the expression of miR‐3064‐5p in exosomes secreted by DCs (DCs‐exo). An SAH rat model was constructed by intravascular perforation and characterized by HE and TUNEL‐IF staining. We found that overexpression of miR‐3064‐5p in SAH rats suppressed iNOS expression and promoted the accumulation of tight junction proteins (Occludin, Claudin‐3, ZO‐1), whereas knockdown of miR‐3064‐5p exerted the opposite effect. Dual‐LUC assay confirmed that miR‐3064‐5p could target and inhibit SIRT6. Knockdown of SIRT6 inhibited inflammatory cytokine (IL‐6, IL‐1β, IFN‐γ, and TGF‐β1) levels and apoptosis. The results of the co‐IP assay showed that SIRT6 interacted with PCSK9, and knockdown of SIRT6 suppressed the expression of PCSK9. Moreover, DCs‐exo reduced brain edema, upregulated miR‐3064‐5p and downregulated SIRT6 and PCSK9 in SAH rats. DCs‐exo reduced inflammatory factors and increased tight junction proteins in SAH rats. Overexpression of miR‐3064‐5p enhanced the protective effect of DCs‐exo, while overexpression of SIRT6 partially counteracted the effect. This study confirmed that DCs could secrete miR‐3064‐5p to ameliorate BBB damage after SAH. Mechanistically, miR‐3064‐5p alleviated BBB damage by targeting and inhibiting SIRT6/PCSk9 signaling pathway.
The ultrasmall Ag species decorated on α‐Fe2O3 nanorods photocatalysts are prepared through a facile in situ photodeposition process. The obtained Ag/α‐Fe2O3 composite samples display more ...outstanding photocatalytic activity than original α‐Fe2O3 in the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC‐HCl) in water. The degradation rate constant of TC‐HCl over the Ag/α‐Fe2O3‐5 sample reaches up to 0.0118 min−1, which is about 6.21 times than that over original α‐Fe2O3 sample (0.0019 min−1). The structure characterizations, physicochemical properties, and photoelectrochemical measurements reveal that the visible light absorption ability and charge separation efficiency are improved dramatically owing to the decoration effect of ultrasmall Ag species on the surface of α‐Fe2O3 nanorods. The photocatalytic reaction mechanism investigations demonstrate that holes, ˙O2−, and ˙OH all are main active species and play important roles in the degradation process of TC‐HCl.
The ultrasmall Ag species decorated on α‐Fe2O3 nanorods photocatalysts are prepared through a facile in situ photodeposition process, which displays more outstanding photocatalytic activity than original α‐Fe2O3 in the degradation of TC‐HCl in water. The photocatalytic reaction mechanism investigations demonstrate that holes, ˙O2−, and ˙OH all are main active species.
Abstract
The ultrasmall Ag species decorated on α‐Fe
2
O
3
nanorods photocatalysts are prepared through a facile in situ photodeposition process. The obtained Ag/α‐Fe
2
O
3
composite samples display ...more outstanding photocatalytic activity than original α‐Fe
2
O
3
in the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC‐HCl) in water. The degradation rate constant of TC‐HCl over the Ag/α‐Fe
2
O
3
‐5 sample reaches up to 0.0118 min
−1
, which is about 6.21 times than that over original α‐Fe
2
O
3
sample (0.0019 min
−1
). The structure characterizations, physicochemical properties, and photoelectrochemical measurements reveal that the visible light absorption ability and charge separation efficiency are improved dramatically owing to the decoration effect of ultrasmall Ag species on the surface of α‐Fe
2
O
3
nanorods. The photocatalytic reaction mechanism investigations demonstrate that holes, ˙O
2
−
, and ˙OH all are main active species and play important roles in the degradation process of TC‐HCl.
Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a tumor and metastasis suppressor in cancer cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been suggested to play a vital role in tumor initiation and progression by ...negatively regulating oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Quite recently, studies have identified some miRNAs operating to promote or suppress tumor invasion or metastasis via regulating metastasis-related genes, providing potential therapeutic targets on antimetastasis strategy. In this study, we found that the expression of RKIP and miR-98 in glioma tissues were significantly lower than that in normal brain tissues. Overexpression of RKIP upregulated miR-98 expression and inhibited glioma cell invasion and miR-98 target gene HMGA2 but had no effect in glioma cell proliferation. Moreover, forced expression of miR-98 accelerated the inhibition of glioma cell invasion and the expression of HMGA2 also had no effect in glioma cell proliferation. Our findings newly described RKIP/miR-98 to HMGA2 link and provided a potential mechanism for glioma cell invasion. RKIP and miR-98 may illustrate the potential therapeutic utility of signaling pathway signatures.
Geographic routing protocols establish scalable and robust routes for multi-hop trsdansmission in wireless mobile ad-hoc networks, where accurate location information of the mobile nodes is needed. ...Aiming to alleviate the influence of location errors, existing works focus on modifying routing protocols through modeling the error sources and mobility prediction. In this paper, we propose a cooperative cluster based geographic routing (CCGR) protocol, which views the cooperative cluster as one virtual relay node, and lessens the impact of location errors through opportunistic receiving and cooperative radio range extension. Opportunistic receiving achieves the link diversity and radio range extension enlarges the transmission distance of one hop. The performance of CCGR is analyzed under scenarios of both static and mobility location errors in terms of reliability index, which is defined to represent the link stability. Further more, numerical results demonstrate that our proposed transmission scheme CCGR outperforms non-cooperative routing schemes in terms of link error probability with location errors.
PDF