Abstract
It is of great value to explore the evolution and dynamic mechanism of land use classification systems, such as improving the current classification system and providing guidance for ...scientific land use methodologies. In this study, the evolution process of land use classification systems in China is analyzed, the characteristics of which in terms of content-form, the urban–rural land use relationship and land functionality are compared, and the evolution mechanism of which is evaluated. The findings reveal that: (1) The land use classification systems in China have undergone a three-stage evolution process, comprising an initial "exploration stage", followed by an "improvement stage", culminating in a "maturity stage"; (2) The content and form of these systems exhibit distinct characteristics, marked by the refinement of construction land, stability in hierarchy, and an increase in the number of classifications. The urban–rural land use relationships have transitioned from a state of "urban–rural separation" to "urban–rural coordination", and ultimately to "urban–rural integration". Moreover, land functions have evolved from single to comprehensive; (3) The evolution of land use systems is primarily driven by national policies, socioeconomic development, and resource endowments, and in essence, it is constrained by the man-land relationship. To meet the needs of global village development, future land classification systems should strive to establish universal international standards.
Abstract
Background
There is a paucity of data concerning the morphological differences of resected distal femurs and proximal tibias in osteoarthritic (OA) and normal knees. The objective of this ...study was to determine whether morphometric differences in the surfaces of resected distal femurs and proximal tibias exist between OA and normal knees in a Chinese population.
Methods
Ninety-four OA knees and ninety-five normal knees were evaluated in Chinese individuals. Computed tomography was used to measure the femoral mediolateral (fML), medial anteroposterior (fMAP), lateral anteroposterior (fLAP), medial condylar width (fMCW), lateral condylar width (fLCW), medial posterior condylar curvature radii (fMCR), lateral posterior condyle curvature radii (fLCR), fML/fMAP aspect ratio, tibial mediolateral (tML), middle anteroposterior (tAP), medial anteroposterior (tMAP), and lateral anteroposterior (tLAP) tML/tMAP aspect ratio to determine the morphologic differences between OA and normal knees.
Results
The average fMCW and tMAP dimensions of OA knees were larger than those of normal knees in both male and female (
p
<0.05). The fMAP/fML aspect ratio and tMAP/tML aspect ratio were also significantly different in both sexs (
p
<0.05). OA knees have an oval-shaped distal femur with a wider ML length and more spherical-shaped proximal tibiae with relatively narrow ML dimensions.
Conclusions
The study revealed the morphological differences in fMCW, tMAP, fMAP/fML and tMAP/tML between OA and normal knees in both males and females. These findings may provide guidelines that can be used to design better knee implants that are more size-matched for OA knees.
The scarcity of agricultural ecosystem services (ESs) caused by land use changes has become increasingly prominent, and the negative effects of agricultural production on ecosystems have been a ...constant concern. In this work, the geographic information system mapping method, the agricultural product supply (AS) model and InVEST model were applied to assess the economic and ecological services of agricultural landscapes. The interlinkages among them in Xiangxi were explored, a mountainous area in central China. The major conclusions drawn were as follows.1) From 2000 to 2020, the economic services (ESs1) of agricultural landscapes in Xiangxi increased by 96.6667%, and those of grain yield per ha (X1), cash crop output value per ha (X2), forestry output value per ha (X3), meat production per capita in rural areas (X4), and fishery output per ha (X5) were 39.0405%, 510.8462%, 297.6807%, 64.5947%, and 194.0348%, respectively. The spatial distribution of X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5 changed considerably, and the major influencing factors were human elements. 2) Ecological services (ESs2) increased by 5.13%, and those of carbon storage (CS, X6), water conservation (WC, X7), and N content in water (X8) were 1.0897%, 13.5808%, and −0.7406%, respectively. The distribution of X6, X7, and X8 was nearly unchanged and primarily influenced by natural factors 3) The relationship between ESs1 and ESs2 was not ideal. The dominant relationships between AS and CS were trade-offs, those between AS and WC were synergies, and those between AS and water purification were trade-offs. 4) The following suggestions are proposed: promote afforestation and vegetation protection policies, implement the best agricultural policies, increase investment in water conservation projects, adjust agricultural scale, and control the usage of agricultural chemicals. For the surrounding areas of more developed regions, strict environmental measures and agricultural policies are necessary. The methods used in this study are novel and can provide methodological references for similar studies. Moreover, it may offer useful suggestions for agricultural resource management and contribute to ecological civilization construction.
The goal of this study was to analyze whether mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane (MAMs) dysfunction mediated arsenic (As)-evoked pulmonary ferroptosis and acute lung injury (ALI). ...As exposure led to alveolar structure damage, inflammatory cell infiltration and pulmonary function decline in mice. Ferritin, the marker of iron overload, was increased, GPX4, the index of lipid peroxidation, was decreased in As-exposed lungs and pulmonary epithelial cells (MLE-12). Pretreatment with ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), the inhibitor of ferroptosis, alleviated As-evoked ALI. In addition, As-induced non-heme iron deposition was inhibited in Fer-1 pretreated-mice. Moreover, As-triggered mitochondria damage and ferroptosis were mitigated in Fer-1 pretreated-MLE-12 cells. Mechanistically, PERK phosphorylation and mitofusin-2 (Mfn-2) reduction was observed in As-exposed MLE-12 cells and mice lungs. Additionally, the interaction between PERK and Mfn-2 was downregulated and MAMs dysfunction was observed in As-exposed MLE-12 cells. Intriguingly, PERK inhibitor and Mfn-2-overexpression all mitigated As-induced ferroptosis in MLE-12 cells. Additionally, CLPP and mtHSP70, the markers of mitochondrial stress, were upregulated, mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) was elevated, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP were decreased in As-exposed MLE-12 cells. Mitoquinone mesylate (MitoQ), a novel mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant, alleviated As-induced excess mtROS, mitochondrial stress, MAMs dysfunction in pulmonary epithelial cells. Similarly, in vivo experiments indicated that MitoQ pretreatment countered As-induced pulmonary ferroptosis and ALI. These data indicated that mtROS-initiated MAMs dysfunction is, at least partially, implicated in As-evoked ferroptosis and ALI.
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•Acute As exposure induced pulmonary function decline and ALI in mice.•Acute As exposure caused ferroptosis, MAMs dysfunction and mitochondrial stress in mice lungs and pulmonary epithelial cells.•Pretreatment with ferrostatin-1 alleviated As-induced pulmonary function decline and ALI.•PERK inhibitor and Mfn-2-overexpression inhibited As-evoked ferroptosis in pulmonary epithelial cells.•MitoQ neutralized As-mediated MAMs dysfunction, mtROS production and ferroptosis in pulmonary epithelial cells.•MitoQ abolished As-induced decline of the interaction between PERK and Mfn-2 in pulmonary epithelial cells.•MitoQ attenuated As-caused ferroptosis and ALI in mice.
Realistic simulation and accurate prediction of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is still a challenge. One fundamental obstacle is the so-called spring predictability barrier (SPB), which features ...a low predictive skill of the ENSO with prediction across boreal spring. Our observational analysis shows that the leading empirical orthogonal function mode of the seasonal Niño3.4 index evolution (i.e., from May to the following April) explains nearly 90% of its total variance, and the principle component is almost identical to the Niño3.4 index in the mature phase. This means a good ENSO prediction for a year ranging May-next April can be achieved if the Niño3.4 index in the mature phase is accurately obtained in advance. In this work, by extracting physically oriented variables in the spring, a linear regression approach that can reproduce the mature ENSO phases in observation is firstly proposed. Further investigation indicates that the specific equation, however, is significantly modulated by an interdecadal regime shift in the air–sea coupled system in the tropical Pacific. During 1980–1999, ocean adjustment and vertical processes were dominant, and the recharge oscillator theory was effective to capture the ENSO evolutions. While, during 2000–2018, zonal advection and thermodynamics became important, and successful prediction essentially relies on the wind stress information and their controlled processes, both zonally and meridionally. These results imply that accounting for the interdecadal regime shift of the tropical Pacific coupled system and the dominant processes in spring in modulating the ENSO evolution could reduce the impact of SPB and improve ENSO prediction.
Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenously produced biological signaling compound, involved not only in various physiological processes but also in cancer biology. The potential therapeutic applications of ...NO in regulation of vascular tone, anticancer, antibacterial, anti‐inflammatory, and wound healing processes has resulted in an explosion of research interest in NO donor compounds and in related materials capable of delivering NO to desired sites. Transition‐metal nitrosyls such as those of ruthenium (Ru‐NOs) are photolabile NO donors from which NO release can be manipulated on demand by application of light. This enables control of spatiotemporal delivery and of optimal NO dosage at a desired site and time. In this microreview we highlight advances of the past few years in rational ligand design, the sensitization of metal nitrosyls (especially Ru‐NOs) by use of light from ultraviolet (UV) to near‐infrared (NIR) wavelengths for efficient NO release, and integration of metal nitrosyls with various nanoplatforms for photocontrolled targeted NO delivery.
This microreview describes recent major advances in the integration of metal nitrosyls with various nanoplatforms for photocontrolled nitric oxide delivery.
The simple zonal two-region framework of the recharge paradigm can accurately manifest the traditional eastern Pacific (EP) type of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), as its major warming center is ...located in the EP and the anomalous sea surface temperature (SST) changes monotonically from west to east along the equatorial Pacific. However, it cannot fully depict the variations of the central Pacific (CP) type of ENSO, whose major warming center is mainly situated in the CP. Therefore, to better investigate the characteristics of the CP type of ENSO, the recharge paradigm is extended to a three-region conceptual model to describe the entire western, central, and eastern equatorial Pacific. The results show that the extended conceptual model can depict the different variations between the CP and EP well. Specifically, with increasing magnitude of the zonal advective feedback over the CP (i.e., imitating the situation for CP ENSO), the period of the system and SST magnitude over the CP and EP both decrease. However, the decreasing amplitude is more intense over the EP, indicating an enlargement of the SST differences between the CP and EP. These results are all consistent with the observational characteristics of CP ENSO.
The spring persistence barrier remains a critical challenge for the prediction of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) because it severely limits the potential ability of ENSO forecast across the ...boreal spring. Our observational analysis shows that the spring persistence barrier exhibited a significant decadal modulation in the last half century. Further analysis shows that this decadal modulation is caused by the decadal variation in spring ENSO stability, which, in turn, is dominated by the thermal damping feedback of the sea surface temperature (SST) through latent heat flux and shortwave radiation flux. The change of the thermal damping feedback is associated with the background mean SST, with a cooler SST corresponding to a greater ENSO instability and a severer spring persistence barrier and vice versa.
Plain Language Summary
Obtaining effective and correct El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) forecasts is always an inspiring and challenging task but requires additional research for optimization. One fundamental obstacle that must be faced is the so‐called boreal spring persistence barrier, which relates to the significant decrease in ENSO's prediction skill that always occurs during the boreal spring. Through investigating the spring persistence barrier issues by the observational analyses, our study proposes a mechanism for controlling its variability on the decadal time scale and highlights the significant effects of the interdecadal climate variability in the tropical Pacific. As the mean state of the tropical Pacific warms, more moisture is released into the atmosphere for the same magnitude of sea surface temperature warming, which further leads to the thermal damping over the tropical Pacific and induces more stable ENSO during the boreal spring. The more stable ENSO then weakens the spring persistence barrier, making ENSO easier to predict. This study will draw the scientific community's attention on understanding about ENSO and ENSO predictability; the decadal variations in spring persistence barrier intensity and its related physical processes should be adequately represented in climate models used for seasonal predictions and studies of climate variability, change, and projection.
Key Points
The ENSO spring persistence barrier exhibited a significant decadal variability in the last half century
The decadal modulation of the barrier is caused by the decadal variation in spring ENSO stability
The ENSO's stability is further dominated by the nonlinear heat flux‐SST damping feedback
Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common pathological type of lung cancer , accounting for approximately 85% of lung cancers. For more than 40 years, platinum (Pt)‐based drugs are still ...one of the most widely used anticancer drugs even in the era of precision medicine and immunotherapy. However, the clinical limitations of Pt‐based drugs, such as serious side effects and drug resistance, have not been well solved. This study constructs a new albumin‐encapsulated Pt(IV) nanodrug (HSA@Pt(IV)) based on the Pt(IV) drug and nanodelivery system. The characterization of nanodrug and biological experiments demonstrate its excellent drug delivery and antitumor effects. The multi‐omics analysis of the transcriptome and the ionome reveals that nanodrug can activate ferroptosis by affecting intracellular iron homeostasis in NSCLC. This study provides experimental evidence to suggest the potential of HSA@Pt(IV) as a nanodrug with clinical application.
A novel albumin‐encapsulated Pt(IV) nanodrug (HSA@Pt(IV)), based on the Pt(IV) drug and nanodelivery system, exhibits superior delivery effect in both in vitro and in vivo models of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). HSA@Pt(IV) achieves antitumor effects by consuming glutathione and disrupting intracellular metal ion homeostasis, especially promoting Fe element accumulation to induce ferroptosis.
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