This paper is in response to the manuscript entitled “Empathic design: Imagining the cognitive and emotional learner experience” (Tracey and Hutchinson in Educ Technol Res Dev 67(5):1259–1272, 2019) ...from a research perspective. The original manuscript provides a theoretical and empirical foundation of an instructional design approach—empathic design—where designers, during the design process, predict how learners would feel while engaging in the final design solution. Empathic design has significant implications in the “shift to digital” during the pandemic. That is, when designing the remote learning experience, instructional designers need to project into the remote contexts and predict learners’ engagement experiences in these contexts. To address the “shift to digital” remote learning, empathic design needs to be extended with two important considerations, including learners’ engagement and the context in which engagement occurs. This paper discusses how empathic design can be applied to consider four types of engagement (i.e., behavioral, cognitive, affective, and social engagement) and three contextual features (e.g., physical environment, technological, and social features) in order to best support learner experiences in the “shift to digital” remote learning during the pandemic.
Conversion of methane to ethylene with high yield remains a fundamental challenge due to the low ethylene selectivity, severe carbon deposition and instability of catalysts. Here we demonstrate a ...conceptually different process of in situ electrochemical oxidation of methane to ethylene in a solid oxide electrolyzer under ambient pressure at 850 °C. The porous electrode scaffold with an in situ-grown metal/oxide interface enhances coking resistance and catalyst stability at high temperatures. The highest C
product selectivity of 81.2% together with the highest C
product concentration of 16.7% in output gas (12.1% ethylene and 4.6% ethane) is achieved while the methane conversion reaches as high as 41% in the initial pass. This strategy provides an optimal performance with no obvious degradation being observed after 100 h of high temperature operation and 10 redox cycles, suggesting a reliable electrochemical process for conversion of methane into valuable chemicals.
Based upon the self-regulated learning theory, this study examined the relationships between academic achievement and three key self-regulatory constructs - prior domain knowledge, self-efficacy, and ...the use of learning strategies - in two flipped undergraduate math courses. Structural equation modeling was employed as the primary method to analyze the relationships in both the pre-class and in-class learning environments of the flipped courses. The results of the study showed that students' self-efficacy in learning math and the use of help seeking strategies were all significantly positively related with academic achievement in both pre- and in-class learning environments. In addition, students' self-efficacy in collaborative learning had a positive impact on their use of help seeking strategies during in-class learning. The theoretical and instructional implications are discussed.
•Students with a higher level of confidence in learning math achieved higher in flipped math class.•Students' prior math knowledge had a direct impact on students' confidence of learning math.•Students who were more likely to seek help from others performed better in flipped math class.•Students with a higher level of confidence in collaboration were more likely to seek help from others.
The non‐oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene plays an important role in the light‐olefin chemical industry. However, the conversion and selectivity remain a fundamental challenge at low ...temperatures. Here we create and engineer high‐density Lewis acid sites at well‐defined surfaces in porous single‐crystalline Mo2N and MoN monoliths to enhance the non‐oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. The top‐layer Mo ions with unsaturated Mo‐N1/6 and Mo‐N1/3 coordination structures provide high‐density Lewis acid sites at the surface, leading to the effective activation of C−H bonds without the overcracking of C−C bonds during the non‐oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. We demonstrate a propane conversion of ≈11 % and a propylene selectivity of ≈95 % with porous single‐crystalline Mo2N and MoN monoliths at 500 °C.
Porous single‐crystalline molybdenum nitride monoliths can be grown with a high density of Lewis acid sites at the well‐defined surface. This porous material shows enhanced non‐oxidative dehydrogenation of propane at reduced temperatures.
In an investigation with 133 undergraduate students, we measured affective, cognitive, behavioral engagement, and self-regulation with a pre-survey, a post-survey, and in the moment of studying using ...experience-sampling methodology (ESM). We compared within these self-report techniques and also between self-reports and objective measures afforded by ESM. We found similar patterns that differed in detail. Furthermore, the ESM surveys allowed for a more fine-grained exploration of engagement related to studying behavior. Importantly, we compared fixed sampling and event-based sampling and found that the latter significantly improved sampling accuracy. Finally, we posit that a new and useful way to assess student self-regulation is the relationship between when students predict that they will study and when students report actual studying in the moment using ESM, which we call implementation rate. We were able to capture and examine all three dimensions of engagement (behavioral, cognitive and affective engagement) and self-regulation in authentic settings and in the same study, allowing us to examine the relationships among these variables exactly when learning occurs, which has several theoretical and practical implications.
•Experience-sampling method collects data in the moment and the context of learning.•ESM and traditional self-reports had similar patterns but differed in details.•Event-based sampling outperformed fixed sampling in sampling accuracy.•ESM-Mobile collects data about behavioral, cognitive, and affective engagement.•Implementation rates are new forms of evidence for self-regulation of learning.
Utilization of carbon dioxide from industrial waste streams offers significant reductions in global carbon dioxide emissions. Solid oxide electrolysis is a highly efficient, high temperature approach ...that reduces polarization losses and best utilizes process heat; however, the technology is relatively unrefined for currently carbon dioxide electrolysis. In most electrochemical systems, the interface between active components are usually of great importance in determining the performance and lifetime of any energy materials application. Here we report a generic approach of interface engineering to achieve active interfaces at nanoscale by a synergistic control of materials functions and interface architectures. We show that the redox-manipulated interfaces facilitate the atomic oxygen transfer from adsorbed carbon dioxide molecules to the cathode lattice that determines carbon dioxide electrolysis at elevated temperatures. The composite cathodes with in situ grown interfaces demonstrate significantly enhanced carbon dioxide electrolysis and improved durability.
Porous single crystals which combine ordered lattice structures and disordered inter‐connected pores would provide an alternative to create twisted surface in porous microstructures. Now, ...transition‐metal nitride Nb4N5 and MoN single crystals are grown on a 2 cm scale to create well‐defined active structures at twisted surfaces. High catalytic activity and stability toward non‐oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene is observed. Unsaturated metal–nitrogen coordination structures including Nb‐N1/5, Nb‐N2/5, Mo‐N1/3, and Mo‐N1/6 at the twisted surface mainly account for the C−H activation with chemisorption of H in molecular ethane at the twisted surface, which not only improves dehydrogenation performance but also avoids the deep cracking of ethane to enhance coking resistance. 11–25 % ethane conversion and 98–99 % ethylene selectivity is demonstrated without degradation being observed even after the operation of 50 hours.
Catalysis with a twist: Transition‐metal nitride single crystals are grown on the 2 cm scale to create well‐defined structures at twisted surfaces. High catalytic activity and stability toward non‐oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene is observed.
The conversion of ethane, a main component of natural gas, to ethylene feed stock has attracted widespread attention since the worldwide shale gas revolution. Thermal catalysis of ethane to ethylene, ...mainly oxidative dehydrogenation, faces the fundamental challenge of low conversion, low selectivity, and catalyst coking. This work demonstrates an efficient conversion of ethane to ethylene in a nonoxidative dehydrogenation process in a proton-conducting solid oxide electrolyzer at ambient pressure and 700 °C. We show the highest ethane conversion of 75.2% and ∼100% ethylene selectivity even only at 0.8 V in this electrochemical catalysis process. The electrochemical pumping of protons at anode with active exsolved metal–oxide interfaces enhances anode activity, while the metal–oxide interface interactions further engineer the ethane conversion in the electrochemical dehydrogenation process. We exsolve metal–oxide interface architecture at nanoscale on the electrode scaffold to improve coking resistance and catalyst stability. We further present the reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide in the cathode combined with ethane conversion in the anode, and we show the higher performance of ethane conversion in the anode with syngas production in the cathode. The electrochemical dehydrogenation process would provide an alternative method for the petrochemical production and a thermochemical practice in a clean energy mode.
The catalytic reduction of CO
2
to CO using solid oxide electrolytic cells (SOECs) is considered as a sustainable solution to simultaneously remove excessive CO
2
in the air and creates valuable ...chemicals. It is well known that catalyst interface plays an important role in heterogeneous catalytic process. However, supported perovskite nanoparticles catalysts are still far away from satisfactory for industrial application. In this study, we prepare a series of double-layer perovskite materials Sr
2
Fe
1.5+
x
Mo
0.5
O
6-δ
(SF
1.5+
x
M,
x
= 0–0.1) through synergistic doping and pretreating for forming Fe/Sr
2
Fe
1.5+
x
Mo
0.5
O
6-δ
interface to enhance the catalytic activity. In addition, the well-constructed interface contributes to an extremely high current efficiency of ~ 92.6% at 1.4 V, 850 °C. The CO yield of Fe/SF
1.5+
x
M with this well-developed interface is as high as 4.6 mL min
−1
cm
−2
, which was two times more than that of SF
1.5
M. We further demonstrate long-term stability of CO
2
electrolysis even after a continuous operation of 100 h without carbon deposition. This inspires establishing well-contacted interface through exsolving metallic nanoparticles (NPs) over perovskite material for significantly improving catalytic activity and stability.
Porous single-crystalline (P-SC) titanium dioxide in large size would significantly enhance their photoelectrochemical functionalities owing to the structural coherence and large surface area. Here ...we show the growth of P-SC anatase titanium dioxide on an 2 cm scale through a conceptually different lattice reconstruction strategy by direct removal of K/P from KTiOPO
lattice leaving the open Ti-O skeleton simultaneously recrystallizing into titanium dioxide. The (101) facet dominates the growth of titanium dioxide while the relative titanium densities on different parent crystal facets control the microstructures. Crystal growth in reducing atmospheres produces P-SC Ti
O
(n = 7~38) in magneli phases with enhanced visible-infrared light absorption and conductivity. The P-SC Ti
O
shows enhanced exciton lifetime and charge mobility. The P-SC Ti
O
boosts photoelectrochemical oxidation of benzene to phenol with P-SC Ti
O
showing 60.1% benzene conversion and 99.6% phenol selectivity at room temperature which is the highest so far to the best of our knowledge.
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