Abstract
The recent extremely bright gamma-ray burst (GRB) from a binary neutron star merger, GRB 230307A, may offer a good probe for the production of GRB neutrinos. Within the constraint from ...IceCube neutrino nondetection, the limits for key physical parameters of this burst are extracted in different scenarios, including the fireball, Poynting-flux-dominated, and hybrid jet. Different from the former nearby “monsters” and due to its smaller isotropic equivalent radiated energy (
E
γ
,iso
∼ 4 × 10
52
erg), the constraint seems loose if nonthermal neutrinos produced from photomeson interactions are the only consideration. However, a quasi-thermal neutrino emission from hadronuclear processes is constrained in this neutron-rich postmerger environment, and the upper limit of the allowed nucleon loading factor is ∼a few. Based on this, a discussion is presented on the possible prompt emission mechanism and jet composition for GRB 230307A in the context of multimessenger astrophysics. It is worth noting that until now, no GRB neutrinos have been ever detected, even for the two brightest nearby GRBs ever observed (GRB 221009A and GRB 230307A), which have different dissipation mechanisms.
Technological for the purpose of interlingual communication has gone through tremendous changes because of mechanical progressions. The significance of two important technological advancements in ...current translation is as follows: PC helped translation apparatuses and machine translation, which is talked about in this article. These innovations have further developed translation efficiency and quality, supported overall communication, and underlined the developing requirement for state-of-the-art specialized answers for the deep rooted challenge of language boundaries. These instruments, then again, give extensive obstacles and vulnerability to the deciphering calling and industry. People have proposed new standards for several disciplines and their own lifestyles based on computer technology. Because of its significant data advantage, network information technology plays a key role in traditional language translation. Thus, it is basic to comprehend how to more readily involve network data assets in the Japanese translation process, as well as to investigate changes in network data assets and merge the commonsense headway of the Japanese translation process, in light of the significant issue of Japanese learning and exploration.
Since December 2019, the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has expanded to cause a worldwide outbreak that more than 600,000 people infected and tens of thousands died. To date, the clinical ...characteristics of COVID-19 patients in the non-Wuhan areas of Hubei Province in China have not been described.
We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics and treatment progress of 91 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Jingzhou Central Hospital.
Of the 91 patients diagnosed with COVID-19, 30 cases (33.0%) were severe and two patients (2.2%) died. The severe disease group tended to be older (50.5 vs. 42.0 years; p = 0.049) and have more chronic disease (40% vs. 14.8%; p = 0.009) relative to mild disease group. Only 73.6% of the patients were quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-positive on their first tests, while typical chest computed tomography images were obtained for each patient. The most common complaints were cough (n = 75; 82.4%), fever (n = 59; 64.8%), fatigue (n = 35; 38.5%), and diarrhea (n = 14; 15.4%). Non-respiratory injury was identified by elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase (n = 18; 19.8%), creatinine (n = 5; 5.5%), and creatine kinase (n = 14; 15.4%) in laboratory tests. Twenty-eight cases (30.8%) suffered non-respiratory injury, including 50% of the critically ill patients and 21.3% of the mild patients.
Overall, the mortality rate of patients in Jingzhou was lower than that of Wuhan. Importantly, we found liver, kidney, digestive tract, and heart injuries in COVID-19 cases besides respiratory problems. Combining chest computed tomography images with the qPCR analysis of throat swab samples can improve the accuracy of COVID-19 diagnosis.
With the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), significant progress has been made in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Despite the long-lasting outcomes in responders, the majority of ...patients with cancer still do not benefit from this revolutionary therapy. Increasing evidence suggests that one of the major barriers limiting the efficacy of immunotherapy seems to coalesce with the hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME), which is an intrinsic property of all solid tumors. In addition to its impact on shaping tumor invasion and metastasis, the hypoxic TME plays an essential role in inducing immune suppression and resistance though fostering diverse changes in stromal cell biology. Therefore, targeting hypoxia may provide a means to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy. In this review, the potential impact of hypoxia within the TME, in terms of key immune cell populations, and the contribution to immune suppression are discussed. In addition, we outline how hypoxia can be manipulated to tailor the immune response and provide a promising combinational therapeutic strategy to improve immunotherapy.
Ultrathin transition-metal-based nanomeshes can perfectly combine the advantages of two-dimensional (2D) ultrathin nanosheets and porous nanostructures, which have wide applications in energy storage ...and conversion. In this work, we present an etch-free one-step approach to directly synthesize the ultrathin Co3O4 nanomeshes (Co-UNMs) by employing a CoCl2/K3Co(CN)6 cyanogel as the reaction precursor. The 2D planar structural unit and solid properties of the cyanogel result in the preferential assembly of generated crystal nuclei at the solid–liquid interface (i.e., cyanogel–solution interface) in the 2D direction, which plays a key role in the formation of nanomeshes. The as-prepared Co-UNMs with 1.5 nm thickness and abundant pores have high surface area and numerous defect atoms, resulting in enhanced activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media, such as a low overpotential of 307 mV at 10 mA cm–2, a small Tafel slope of 76 mV dec–1, and attractive durability in 1 M KOH electrolyte.
Lithium metal anodes demonstrate inferior cycling stability due to uncontrolled Li deposition and large volume fluctuation. Composite Li metal anodes with a 3D host show stable Li deposition. ...Nevertheless, the advantages of a host are achieved by the joint effect of various parameters. The effect of a single parameter of a host on Li deposition is veiled, hindering the rational design of a host. Herein, a decoupling method is demonstrated to decipher the effect of host electrical conductivity, a vital parameter, on the behaviors of Li deposition. In order to decouple the effect of host electrical conductivity, a conductive host is modulated by in situ formation of a polymer coating while maintaining the other parameters unchanged. The host electrical conductivity dictates the distribution of electric potential in the vicinity of the host, then the transport of Li ions, and finally behaviors of Li deposition. The cycling performance of the host with high electrical conductivity outperforms that with low electrical conductivity. This work initiates a decoupling methodology to probe the effect of host properties on the behaviors of Li deposition, and provides guidance for the rational design of Li metal anode host materials.
A decoupling method is proposed to decipher the effect of the electrical conductivity of the host on the behavior of Li plating. The electrical conductivity of a host dictates the uniform distribution of electric potential around the host. The conductive host significantly reduces the overpotential of ionic transport, which facilitates homogeneous Li‐ion flux and finally improves the uniformity of Li deposition.
The transitions between epithelial (E) and mesenchymal (M) cell phenotypes are essential in many biological processes like tissue development and cancer metastasis. Previous studies, both modeling ...and experimental, suggested that in addition to E and M states, the network responsible for these phenotypes exhibits intermediate phenotypes between E and M states. The number and importance of such states is subject to intense discussion in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) community.
Previous modeling efforts used traditional bifurcation analysis to explore the number of the steady states that correspond to E, M and intermediate states by varying one or two parameters at a time. Since the system has dozens of parameters that are largely unknown, it remains a challenging problem to fully describe the potential set of states and their relationship across all parameters. We use the computational tool DSGRN (Dynamic Signatures Generated by Regulatory Networks) to explore the intermediate states of an EMT model network by computing summaries of the dynamics across all of parameter space. We find that the only attractors in the system are equilibria, that E and M states dominate across parameter space, but that bistability and multistability are common. Even at extreme levels of some of the known inducers of the transition, there is a certain proportion of the parameter space at which an E or an M state co-exists with other stable steady states.
Our results suggest that the multistability is broadly present in the EMT network across parameters and thus response of cells to signals may strongly depend on the particular cell line and genetic background.
The combination of multiple components or structures into integrated micro/nanostructures for practical application has been pursued for many years. Herein, a series of hierarchical organic ...microwires with branch, core/shell (C/S), and branch C/S structures are successfully constructed based on organic charge transfer (CT) cocrystals with structural similarity and physicochemical tunability. By regulating the intermolecular CT interaction, single microwires and branch microstructures can be integrated into the C/S and branch C/S structures, respectively. Significantly, the integrated branch C/S microwires, with multicolor waveguide behavior and branch structure multichannel waveguide output characteristics, can function as an optical logic gate with multiple encoding features. This work provides useful insights for creating completely new types of organic microstructures for integrated optoelectronics.
Using a series of organic charge transfer cocrystals with structural similarity and physicochemical tunability, we demonstrate the precise construction of various types of hierarchical organic microwires. Branch microwires with multichannel waveguide and core/shell microwires with multicolor waveguide performance can be integrated into branch core/shell microwires for realizing optical logic gates with multi‐encoding functions.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, placing an increasing burden on human health. NAFLD is a complex multifactorial disease involving genetic, ...metabolic, and environmental factors. It is closely associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, of which insulin resistance is the main pathophysiological mechanism. Over the past few decades, investigation of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatments has revealed different aspects of NAFLD, challenging the accuracy of definition and therapeutic strategy for the clinical practice. Recently, experts reach a consensus that NAFLD does not reflect the current knowledge, and metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is suggested as a more appropriate term. The new definition puts increased emphasis on the important role of metabolic dysfunction in it. Herein, the shared features and potential changes in epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and pharmacotherapy of the newly defined MAFLD, as compared with the formerly defined NAFLD, are reviewed for updating our understanding.
The degeneration of dopaminergic neurons is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of mid‐brain disorders. Clinically, cell therapeutic solutions, by increasing the neurotransmitter dopamine levels ...in the patients, are hindered by low efficiency and/or side effects. Here, a strategy using electromagnetized nanoparticles to modulate neural plasticity and recover degenerative dopamine neurons in vivo is reported. Remarkably, electromagnetic fields generated by the nanoparticles under ultrasound stimulation modulate intracellular calcium signaling to influence synaptic plasticity and control neural behavior. Dopaminergic neuronal functions are reversed by upregulating the expression tyrosine hydroxylase, thus resulting in ameliorating the neural behavioral disorders in zebrafish. This wireless tool can serve as a viable and safe strategy for the regenerative therapy of the neurodegenerative disorders.
Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons is a most common age‐related disorder in the central nervous system. A break‐through idea using electromagnetized nanoparticles to mediate neural plasticity and recover the functions of degenerative dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain of a Parkinson's disease animal model is conceived. A significant advance in remote and regenerative cell therapy of the neurodegenerative diseases is thus provided.
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