We present the results of the first combined dark matter search targeting the Galactic Center using the ANTARES and IceCube neutrino telescopes. For dark matter particles with masses from 50 to 1000 ...GeV, the sensitivities on the self-annihilation cross section set by ANTARES and IceCube are comparable, making this mass range particularly interesting for a joint analysis. Dark matter self-annihilation through the τ + τ −, μ + μ −, b ¯ b, and W + W − channels is considered for both the Navarro-Frenk-White and Burkert halo profiles. In the combination of 2101.6 days of ANTARES data and 1007 days of IceCube data, no excess over the expected background is observed. Limits on the thermally averaged dark matter annihilation cross section ⟨ σ A υ ⟩ are set. These limits present an improvement of up to a factor of 2 in the studied dark matter mass range with respect to the individual limits published by both collaborations. When considering dark matter particles with a mass of 200 GeV annihilating through the τ + τ − channel, the value obtained for the limit is 7.44 × 10−24 cm3 s−1 for the Navarro-Frenk-White halo profile. For the purpose of this joint analysis, the model parameters and the likelihood are unified, providing a benchmark for forthcoming dark matter searches performed by neutrino telescopes.
This paper describes an experimental investigation of steady-state resonant waves. Several co-propagating short-crested wave trains are generated in a basin at the State Key Laboratory of Ocean ...Engineering (SKLOE) in Shanghai, and the wavefields are measured and analysed both along and normal to the direction of propagation. These steady-state resonant waves are first calculated theoretically under the exact resonance criterion with sufficiently high nonlinearity, and then are generated in the basin by means of the main wave components that contain at least 95 % of the wave energy. The steady-state wave spectra are quantitatively observed within the inherent system error of the basin and identified by means of a contrasting experiment. Both symmetrical and anti-symmetrical steady-state resonant waves are observed and the experimental and theoretical results show excellent agreement. These results offer the first experimental evidence of the existence of steady-state resonant waves with multiple solutions.
The evolutions of MHD instability behaviors and enhancement of both electrostatic and electromagnetic turbulence towards the plasma disruption have been clearly observed in the HL-2A plasmas. Two ...types of plasma disruptive discharges have been investigated for similar equilibrium parameters: one with a distinct stage of a small central temperature collapse (Formula: see text 5-10%) around 1 millisecond before the thermal quench (TQ), while the other without. For both types, the TQ phase is preceded by a rotating 2/1 tearing mode, and it is the development of the cold bubble from the inner region of the 2/1 island O-point along with its inward convection that causes the massive energy loss. In addition, the micro-scale turbulence, including magnetic fluctuations and density fluctuations, increases before the small collapse, and more significantly towards the TQ. Also, temperature fluctuations measured by electron cyclotron emission imaging enhances dramatically at the reconnection site and expand into the island when approaching the small collapse and TQ, and the expansion is more significant close to the TQ. The observed turbulence enhancement near the X-point cannot be fully interpreted by the linear stability analysis by GENE. Evidences suggest that nonlinear effects, such as the reduction of local Formula: see text shear and turbulence spreading, may play an important role in governing turbulence enhancement and expansion. These results imply that the turbulence and its interaction with the island facilitate the stochasticity of the magnetic flux and formation of the cold bubble, and hence, the plasma disruption.
As one of the early studied high-entropy alloys, AlCoCrFeNi has drawn considerable attention due to its attractive mechanical properties. Efforts were made to improve this material by alloying with ...additional elements or modifying the ratio of its element concentrations for improved properties. On the other hand, medium-entropy alloys with fewer elements can also have superior performance with less structural complication. In this study, we investigated microstructures and properties of as-cast AlCoCrFeNi
x
alloys (
x
= 0–2), focusing on the microstructural evolution and the corresponding mechanical properties and resistances to wear, corrosion, and corrosive wear. In particular, the Ni-free four-element medium-entropy alloy, AlCoCrFe, was examined and compared with its five-element high-entropy companion, AlCoCrFeNi. It was observed that the medium-entropy alloy was harder and had higher resistances to wear and corrosion than the five-element alloy. Detailed microstructural analyses demonstrated that the medium-entropy alloy AlCoCrFe had a spinodal-decomposed nanostructure, which grew into a two-phase microstructure with phase transformations in the five-element high-entropy alloy. With increasing the Ni content, one of the phases changed from a disordered BCC structure to a softer and more ductile FCC structure, further lowering the strength of the high-entropy alloy and its resistance to wear. The medium-entropy alloy showed certain advantages with superior properties while having less complicated microstructure features.
The impact of impurity ions on a pedestal has been investigated in the HL-2A Tokamak, at the Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu, China. Experimental results have clearly shown that during the ...H-mode phase, an electromagnetic turbulence was excited in the edge plasma region, where the impurity ions exhibited a peaked profile. It has been found that double impurity critical gradients are responsible for triggering the turbulence. Strong stiffness of the impurity profile has been observed during cyclic transitions between the I-phase and H-mode regime. The results suggest that the underlying physics of the self-regulated edge impurity profile offers the possibility for an active control of the pedestal dynamics via pedestal turbulence.
SUMMARY
Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB), a disease caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum, is a threat to wheat (Triticum aestivum) production worldwide. Multiple inverse ...gene‐for‐gene interactions involving the recognition of necrotrophic effectors (NEs) by wheat sensitivity genes play major roles in causing SNB. One interaction involves the wheat gene Snn3 and the P. nodorum NE SnTox3. Here, we used a map‐based strategy to clone the Snn3‐D1 gene from Aegilops tauschii, the D‐genome progenitor of common wheat. Snn3‐D1 contained protein kinase and major sperm protein domains, both of which were essential for function as confirmed by mutagenesis. As opposed to other characterized interactions in this pathosystem, a compatible Snn3‐D1–SnTox3 interaction was light‐independent, and Snn3‐D1 transcriptional expression was downregulated by light and upregulated by darkness. Snn3‐D1 likely emerged in Ae. tauschii due to an approximately 218‐kb insertion that occurred along the west bank of the Caspian Sea. The identification of this new class of NE sensitivity genes combined with the previously cloned sensitivity genes demonstrates that P. nodorum can take advantage of diverse host targets to trigger SNB susceptibility in wheat.
Significance Statement
Necrotrophic effectors produced by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum can be recognized by wheat (Triticum aestivum) sensitivity genes to cause septoria nodorum blotch (SNB), a fungal disease posing a threat to wheat production worldwide. Here, we cloned a new type of wheat sensitivity gene containing protein kinase and major sperm protein domains, which furthered our understanding of how P. nodorum takes advantage of diverse host targets to trigger SNB susceptibility in wheat.
Summary
Parastagonospora nodorum is an economically important necrotrophic fungal pathogen of wheat. Parastagonospora nodorum secretes necrotrophic effectors that target wheat susceptibility genes to ...induce programmed cell death (PCD). In this study, we cloned and functionally validated SnTox5 and characterized its role in pathogenesis.
We used whole genome sequencing, genome‐wide association study (GWAS) mapping, CRISPR‐Cas9‐based gene disruption, gain‐of‐function transformation, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis, haplotype and isoform analysis, protein modeling, quantitative PCR, and laser confocal microscopy to validate SnTox5 and functionally characterize SnTox5.
SnTox5 is a mature 16.26 kDa protein with high structural similarity to SnTox3. Wild‐type and mutant P. nodorum strains and wheat genotypes of SnTox5 and Snn5, respectively, were used to show that SnTox5 not only targets Snn5 to induce PCD but also facilitates the colonization of the mesophyll layer even in the absence of Snn5.
Here we show that SnTox5 facilitates the efficient colonization of the mesophyll tissue and elicits PCD specific to host lines carrying Snn5. The homology to SnTox3 and the ability of SnTox5 to facilitate the colonizing of the mesophyll also suggest a role in the suppression of host defense before PCD induction.
See also the Commentary on this article by Kanyuka et al., 233: 11–14.
Heavy-fermion systems share some of the strange metal phenomenology seen in other unconventional superconductors, providing a unique opportunity to set strange metals in a broader context. Central to ...understanding heavy-fermion systems is the interplay of localization and itinerancy. These materials acquire high electronic masses and a concomitant Fermi volume increase as the f electrons delocalize at low temperatures. However, despite the wide-spread acceptance of this view, a direct microscopic verification has been lacking. Here we report high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission measurements on CeCoIn5, a prototypical heavy-fermion compound, which spectroscopically resolve the development of band hybridization and the Fermi surface expansion over a wide temperature region. Unexpectedly, the localized-to-itinerant transition occurs at surprisingly high temperatures, yet f electrons are still largely localized even at the lowest temperature. These findings point to an unanticipated role played by crystal-field excitations in the strange metal behavior of CeCoIn5. Our results offer a comprehensive experimental picture of the heavy-fermion formation, setting the stage for understanding the emergent properties, including unconventional superconductivity, in this and related materials.
We present a list of 13 candidate gravitationally lensed submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) from 95 deg super(2) of the Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey, a surface density of 0.14 + or - 0.04 ...deg super(-2). The selected sources have 500 mum flux densities (S sub(500)) greater than 100 mJy. Gravitational lensing is confirmed by follow-up observations in 9 of the 13 systems (70%), and the lensing status of the four remaining sources is undetermined. We also present a supplementary sample of 29 (0.31 + or - 0.06 deg super(-2)) gravitationally lensed SMG candidates with S sub(500) = 80-100 mJy, which are expected to contain a higher fraction of interlopers than the primary candidates. The model predicts that 32%-74% of our S sub(500) > or =, slanted 100 mJy candidates are strongly gravitationally lensed (mu > or =, slanted 2), with the brightest sources being the most robust; this is consistent with the observational data. Thus, samples of strongly gravitationally lensed SMGs, such as those presented here, probe below the nominal Herschel detection limit at 500 mum.
An unusually low density solar wind event was observed in December 2022 moving past both Earth and Mars. The source was traced back to a coronal hole and active region on the Sun's surface. The ...resulting solar wind lead to the development of a co-rotating interaction region (CIR) and trailing rarefaction region that lasted for multiple solar rotations. Within this structure, the solar wind conditions, including density, velocity, and magnetic field magnitude and orientation drastically changed. In this study we analyze the response of the Martian ionosphere using MAVEN data to these changing solar wind conditions. The low density solar wind region associated with the December event resulted in the expansion of the Martian ionospheric boundaries. We show that the ion composition boundary (ICB) is located at extreme altitudes that are beyond previously observed locations from the MAVEN mission between 2015 and 2018. Furthermore, the boundary between shocked solar wind and the Martian ionosphere identified using electron and ion data moved together on the dayside of the planet with the changing solar wind conditions. However, at the flank region these boundaries do not move together, and we show here that the decoupling of the two boundaries may be the result of a change in the interplanetary magnetic field azimuthal angle.
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