The ability to solve various constraints is a principal factor of automatic constraint solvers. Most object-oriented languages treat a character string as a primitive data type which is manipulated ...by string library functions. Most constraint solvers have limitations on their input constraints, such as strong restrictions on the expressiveness of constraints or lack of the ability to solve hybrid constraints. These limitations hinder applying automated constraint solvers on program analysis techniques for programs containing strings and string manipulation functions. We propose an approach to automatically solve program constraints involving strings and string manipulation functions. Based on the character array model, we design a constraint language which contains primitive operations to precisely describe the constraints of commonly used string manipulation functions. The translated string constraints together with numeric constraints are then solved by a two- phase test generation procedure： firstly, a partial solution is obtained to satisfy the arithmetic constraints of the position variables, and the solution is utilized to simplify the string constraints into pure character array constraints; secondly, the pure array constraints are solved by an off-the-shelf array-specific theory based constraint solver. We integrate the approach into an automated testing tool to support the generation of string test cases, and then perform experiments. The results of the experiments prove that the integration of the proposed approach promotes the testing coverage of the existing testing tool, and the integrated tool has an advantage of handling specific string manipulation functions compared with an existing string solver.
Chlamydia trachomatis （Ct） genital infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease （STD） in China and the US. The morbidity of Ct genital infection in China has increased from 32.48/100,000 ...in 2008 to 37.18/100,000 in 2015.1 The major areas of Ct infections are concentrated in the Zhujiang Delta, Changjiang Delta, Minjiang Area, and West China. In these areas, the highest incidence of Ct infection reaches 615.99/100,000 citizens. In the US, there are 1,441,789 reported Ct, which include 627.2 females and 278.4 males per 100,000 population. It is now the most prevalent STD, with its rate increasing to 22% in males and 6% in females.2 Ct genital infection can cause epididymitis, prostatitis, cervicitis, annexitis, infertility, and atopic pregnancy, which have been identified as the major public health problems.
There exists a single nucleotide polymorphism, G or T, at the first base of the donor splice site of waxy gene intron 1 in rice. In order to study the relationship between the first base of the donor ...splice site of waxy gene intron 1 and amylose content in rice, the one-step PCR method was used to determine whether it is G or T in 220 Yunnan indigenous rice varieties from 14 districts, 55 towns/counties of Yunnan Province, and 101 varieties of which were validated by the PCR-Acc I method. According to the G/T polymorphism, 164 rice varieties showed GG-genotype, while the other 56 fell into TT- genotype, accounting for 74.5% and 25.5% of all the test varieties, respectively. When all the rice varieties were divided into indica and japonica subspecies, it was found that 80.5% of indica rice and 67.0% of japonica rice belonged to GG-genotype. The rice varieties with GG-genotype had significantly higher amylose content （18.95% on average） than those with TT- genotype （all below 16%）, but 33 rice varieties with GG-genotype still had low amylose content ranging from 3.91% to 15.93%, and most of them came from the Dai minority area in the Southwest of Yunnan Province. However, there was no significant difference in the mean amylose content of the same GG or TT genotypes between indica and japonica rice, suggesting that different genetic backgrounds, indica or japonica, had no effect on amylose content. The coefficient of correlation between the genotype and amylose content was 0.733 （P〈0.01）.
Background The computed tomography （CT） findings of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis （IPA） are unclear in non- hematological patients. The present study was a retrospective evaluation of CT images in ...non-hematological patients with IPA. Methods All adult patients who met the 2008 European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group （EORTC/MSG） criteria for proven or probable IPA were included during a 5-year study at our institutions. Initial CT findings in our cohort were retrospectively reviewed by two independent thoracic radiologists blinded to patient demographics and clinical outcomes. The presence, pattern, and distribution of abnormalities were recorded. Results Twenty-three non-hematological patients with pathologically confirmed IPA were included in our study. Areas of ground-glass opacities were present in 14 patients （61%）, which were bilateral in 10 patients and unilateral in four. This pattern mainly involved the middle and upper lung zones. Air-space consolidation was identified in 12 patients （52%）, and the areas were distributed along the bronchus or subpleura in most cases. Other findings, including five small nodules （22%）, three macronodules （13%）, and one halo sign （4%）, were less common. Conclusions CT findings of IPA in non-hematological patients frequently manifested as acute bronchopneumonia, and ground-glass opacities and air-space consolidations were the most common CT findings of IPA in these patients.
Dielectric relaxation behavior of SDS/β-CD self-organized with mass concentrations from 1% to 7% was investigated. The phase microstructure of SDS/β-CD aqueous solution was confirmed by analyzing the ...dielectric parameters. The dielectric relaxation behavior was attributed to the interracial polarization between vesicle and medium, and the relaxation distribution parameter can indicate the shape transition from vesicles to microtubules with increasing concentration. Dielectric relaxation provided a new method to study surfactant organized self-assembly.
Background Because patients with scar contracture of the neck are at a high risk of loss of the airway control after anesthesia induction, awake intubation is usually recommended. This retrospective ...clinical study was designed to evaluate the possibility, safety and efficacy of airway management and tracheal intubation under general anesthesia in such patients.
Methods This retrospective study included 1683 patients from January 1994 to December 2006 with scar contracture of the neck, aged 1.5--67.0 years, who were scheduled for elective plastic surgery under general anesthesia in Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. Based on the results of the preoperative airway assessment, the patients were classified into group 1 （including 1375 patients with the atlanto-occipital extension of 〉20° and the Mallampatti＇s grade I or II） and group 2 （containing 308 patients with the atlanto-occipital extension of 〈20° and the Mallampatti＇s grade III or IV. In group 1, the intravenous induction and maintenance of anesthesia and succinylcholine for muscle relaxation were used. The intubation was done using a modified Macintosh technique. In group 2, the total intravenous anesthesia （TIVA） or the sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia was chosen and the spontaneous breathing was reserved during anesthesia. The intubation was performed by a fiberoptic stylet laryngoscope （FOSL）. The number of intubation attempts, intubation time and relative complications were observed and recorded in all patients.
Results In group 1, the intubation was accomplished during the first attempt in 1279 cases （93%） and the intubation time was 〈3 minutes in 1304 cases （95%）. In group 2, the intubation was completed by the first attempt in 114 patients （37%） and 123 patients had an intubation time of 〈3 minutes （40%）. Tracheal intubation was successful by the second or third attempt in 96 patients in group 1 and 156 patients in group 2. Thirty-eight patients required four or more attempts which only occurred in group 2. The incidence of traumatic complication was 2.6% and 9.7% with one intubation attempt in groups 1 and 2, respectively, 12.5% and 17.0% with multiple intubation attempts （one vs multiple attempts in both groups, P 〈0.001）. All nontrauamatic complications occurred in group 2 and laryngospasm and hypoxemia were more common in patients using the TIVA compared to those using the sevoflurane inhalational anesthesia （P 〈0.001）.
Conclusions This study demonstrated that with a precise airway evaluation, an adequate preoperative preparation and a pre-planned failed intubation strategy, the anesthetist who was experienced in the difficult airway management could safely perform airway control and tracheal intubation under general anesthesia in patients with scar contracture of the neck. We believe that this technique may be very valuable for the management of a known difficult airway because it is comfortable for the patient and saves time for the anesthetist.
AIM:To determine the relationship between host immunity and the characteristics of viral infection or nucleoside analogues(NAs)themselves in patients with chronic hepatitis B(CHB)receiving NA ...therapy.METHODS:Fifty-two hepatitis B envelope antigen(HBeAg)positive CHB patients were enrolled and divided equally into two groups.One group received telbivudine(LDT,600 mg/d),and the other group received lamivudine(LAM,100 mg/d).Clinical,virological and immunological parameters were assessed at the baseline and at 4,12,24,36 and 48 wk.RESULTS:Both groups achieved significant hepatitis B virus(HBV)replication inhibition and alanine aminotransferase normalization at 48 wk.At the baseline,compared to healthy controls,CHB patients had a lower circulating CD8 T cell frequency(29.44%±11.55%vs 37.17%±7.30%,p=0.03)and higher frequencies of programmed death 1 positive CD8 T cells(pD-1+CD8 T)(16.48%±10.82%vs 7.02%±3.62%,p=0.0001)and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T regulatory cells(Tregs)(23.64%±9.38%vs 13.60%±6.06%,p=0.001).On therapy,at the beginning 24 wk with the levels of hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid(HBV DNA)and HBeAg declining,the frequencies of pD-1+CD8 T cells and Treg cells gradually and significantly declined at 12 and 24 wk in both therapy groups.At treatment week 4,patients treated with LDT had a lower frequency of pD-1+CD8 T cells compared to patients treated with LAM(10.08%±6.83%vs 20.51%±20.96%,p=0.02).The frequency of pD-1+CD8 T cells in all of the CHB patients was significantly correlated with both the HBV DNA level(r=0.45,p=0.01)and HBeAg level(r=0.47,p=0.01)at treatment week 24,but the frequency of Treg cells was only significantly correlated with the HBeAg level(r=0.44,p=0.02).Furthermore,the ability of CD8 T cells to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines was partially restored after 24 wk of therapy.CONCLUSION:NA-mediated HBV suppression could down-regulate the production of negative regulators of host immunity during the first 24 wk of therapy and could partially restore the ability of CD8 T cells to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines.This immune modulating response may be correlated with the levels of both HBV DNA and HBeAg.
The cloudy Silwet L-77 aqueous solution on the concentration range from 0.5%to 50%was investigated by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy.The concentration dependence of phase microstructure was ...confirmed by means of analyzing the dielectric parameters of bulk solution.The relaxation behavior was assigned to the interfacial polarization between the micelle and the medium,and the relaxation distribution parameter was used to figure the shape transition from sphere to ellipsoid with the concentration increasing.The synchronous reduction of permittivity and conductivity indicated the formation of the lamellar phase. As compensation,the quantity of the surfactant liquid phase gradually decreased,whose shape constantly kept ellipsoidal.
The ability to solve various constraints is a principal factor of automatic constraint solvers. Most object-oriented languages treat a character string as a primitive data type which is manipulated ...by string library functions. Most constraint solvers have limitations on their input constraints, such as strong restrictions on the expressiveness of constraints or lack of the ability to solve hybrid constraints. These limitations hinder applying automated constraint solvers on program analysis techniques for programs containing strings and string manipulation functions. We propose an approach to automatically solve program constraints involving strings and string manipulation functions. Based on the character array model, we design a constraint language which contains primitive operations to precisely describe the constraints of commonly used string manipulation functions. The translated string constraints together with numeric constraints are then solved by a two-phase test generation procedure: firstly, a partial solution is obtained to satisfy the arithmetic constraints of the position variables, and the solution is utilized to simplify the string constraints into pure character array constraints; secondly, the pure array constraints are solved by an off-the-shelf array-specific theory based constraint solver. We integrate the approach into an automated testing tool to support the generation of string test cases, and then perform experiments. The results of the experiments prove that the integration of the proposed approach promotes the testing coverage of the existing testing tool, and the integrated tool has an advantage of handling specific string manipulation functions compared with an existing string solver.
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