Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the chronic systemic autoimmune diseases that cardinally affect the joints. Many people all over the world suffer from the disease. Fibroblast‐like synoviocytes ...(FLSs) play a significant role in the occurrence and development of RA. The long noncoding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) is an imprinted gene, which participates in various cancers as a tumor suppressor. Previous studies have shown that nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)‐like receptors 5 (NLRC5) plays a key role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Nonetheless, we know very little about the biofunctionality of MEG3 during the development of RA. In this paper, we used complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)‐induced rats as RA animal models. The level of MEG3 significantly reduced in CFA‐induced synovial tissues and FLSs, whereas the NLRC5 levels were increased. Enforced expression of MEG3 may be responsible for the decreased level of NLRC5 and inflammatory cytokine level. The results of methylation‐specific PCR suggested that the MEG3 gene promoter was significantly methylated in CFA‐induced synovial tissues and FLSs. More important, hypermethylation of MEG3 promoter could be inhibited by 5‐aza‐2‐deoxycytidine (5‐azadC; methylation inhibitor). Besides, the expression of NLRC5 significantly decreased followed by 5‐azadc. Furthermore, DNA methyltransferases 1 (DNMT1) increased in CFA‐induced synovial tissues and cells. These results indicated that MEG3 regulates RA by targeting NLRC5 potentially.
Maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) may be involved in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by affecting the proliferation of fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLSs), whereas nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)‐like receptors 5 (NLRC5) promotes proliferation of FLSs in RA. Enforced expression of MEG3 decreased NLRC5 expression. These results further verified that MEG3 regulates RA by targeting NLRC5 potentially.
Developing efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts such as transition metal sulfides (TMSs) is of great importance to advance renewable hydrogen fuel toward further practical ...applications. Herein, NiCoS
2
nanoparticles well decorated on double-sided N-doped reduced graphene oxide sheets (NiCoS
2
/rGO) are prepared from an Al-containing ternary NiCoAl-layered double hydroxide precursor (NiCoAl-LDH) grown on GO support as an OER electrocatalyst. The Al-confinement-assisted sulfurization, followed by selective acid treatment, endows the resulting NiCoS
2
/rGO composite with the advantages: well-dispersed NiCoS
2
nanoparticles, dual-sided rGO support, as well as a large specific surface area of 119.4 m
2
·g
–1
and meso-/macroporous size distribution. The NiCoS
2
/rGO electrocatalyst exhibits an overpotential of 273 mV at 10 mA·cm
–2
and a good stability of 24 h, which outperform those of the counterparts of NiS
2
/rGO and CoS
2
/rGO. The results of electrochemical active surface area and electrochemical impedance spectra experimentally provide convincing rationales of the information of active sites and good conductivity, both underpin the enhanced electrocatalytic performances.
Graphical abstract
Neutrophils are considered as core immune cells involve in the early stage of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and participate in the disease progression. The underlining mechanisms include the elevated ...chemotaxis and infiltration of neutrophils, the increase in the reactive oxygen species and the promotion of neutrophil extracellular traps formation. Accumulating studies demonstrated the important role of nutrients intake played in the initiation and progression of RA. This study summarized the effects of several macronutrients and micronutrients on regulating RA through the modulation of activated neutrophils and appealed for a healthy diet in RA-risk individuals as well as RA patients.
