Turkey is located in the temperate zone; thus, it is influenced by regionally different air masses during summers and winters, resulting in different precipitation regimes. Often, systems with ...varying masses of air repeatedly affect Turkey; however, at times, these periods are disrupted and difficult to predict. This study analyzes whether a certain periodicity exists in the seasonal and annual total precipitation of 74 meteorological stations in Turkey using periodograms. The analyses conducted herein showed more than one period in the series; therefore, this study was extended, and the first six periods were examined. As a result, we found 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year precipitation cycles (PCs) in the short term; 6-, 7-, and 8-year PCs in the medium term; and 11-, 12-, 14-, 17-, and 21-year PCs in the long term in Turkey’s PC. While seasonal distributions exhibited similarities, there were significant differences in the seasonal frequencies owing to seasonal variations in the systems affecting Turkey. The cycles vary by region, and some of these cycles can be found in each region. Three cycles have been identified in Turkey according to frequency and length, namely: (1) short-term cycle across Turkey; (2) Eastern and Central Anatolia, the Black Sea, and Aegean regions; and (3) borders of Central Anatolian and the eastern Mediterranean region. A cluster identifies unrelated locations as the affected local factors. Cycles are connected to the NAO, whereas solar activity is observed throughout Turkey. The analysis showed that certain cycles were repeated and were not dominant in each period, with the best example of this cycle as the 7–14–21 consecutive cycles.
A simple and rapid vortex-assisted magnetic solid phase extraction (VA-MSPE) method for the separation and preconcentration of ziram (zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate), subsequent detection of the zinc ...in complex structure of ziram by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) has been developed. The ziram content was calculated by using stoichiometric relationship between the zinc and ziram. Magnetic carboxylated nanodiamonds (MCNDs) as solid-phase extraction adsorbent was prepared and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These magnetic carboxylated nanodiamonds carrying the ziram could be easily separated from the aqueous solution by applying an external magnetic field; no filtration or centrifugation was necessary. Some important factors influencing the extraction efficiency of ziram such as pH of sample solution, amount of adsorbent, type and volume of eluent, extraction and desorption time and sample volume were studied and optimized. The total extraction and detection time was lower than 10min The preconcentration factor (PF), the precision (RSD, n=7), the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 160, 7.0%, 5.3µgL−1 and 17.5µgL−1, respectively. The interference of various ions has been examined and the method has been applied for the determination of ziram in various waters, foodstuffs samples and synthetic mixtures.
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•A vortex-assisted magnetic solid phase extraction for ziram has been developed.•Magnetic carboxylated nanodiamonds was prepared and characterized.•The effects of analytical parameters were systematically investigated and optimized.•The method has been applied to the analysis of ziram in real samples.
A new potential solid phase material called as dithizone@PAA was synthesized for first times, characterized and utilized as an easy versatile polymeric sorbent for the shake-assisted dispersive ...solid-phase micro-extraction of Mn(II) and Cu(II) ions from fortified vegetables and barbecue samples followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The proposed approach is based on batch type solid phase extraction of Mn(II) and Cu(II) ions prior to their flame atomic absorption analysis (FAAS). All experimental variables were examined and optimized in detail. Using the optimized values, the dynamic linear range for Mn(II) and Cu(II) ions was 0.70–150.00 and 0.20–125.00 ng mL
−1
, respectively, and the limits of detection for Mn(II) and Cu(II) ions were 0.20 and 0.06 ng mL
−1
, respectively. The preconcentration factor was 50 for both analytes. The relative standard deviations of 3.1% and 2.5% were obtained at 75.00 ng mL
−1
level of Mn(II) and Cu(II) ions. The precision and accuracy of the proposed method were investigated by the certified reference materials via intraday and inter-day studies. Finally, the results showed that the method was successfully applied for determining Mn (II) and Cu (II) ions in selected food samples with good recoveries.
Supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted significant attention in the realm of energy storage devices due to their exceptional features, such as enhanced charge storage capacity, fast charge‐discharge ...rates, and high power density. The emergence of cost‐effective and highly productive SCs is a topic of interest among industrial and scientific communities. Ferrites with a perovskite crystal structure are often considered excellent electrode materials due to their intrinsic properties, affordability, low environmental impact, and widespread availability. An in‐depth investigation of perovskite ferrites in the context of SCs is necessary to advance the understanding of these materials. The techniques used in the synthesis of ABO3‐type perovskite bismuth ferrite materials are comprehensively reviewed in this review. The review starts by analyzing various types of SCs classified based on their electrode materials. The review provides a comprehensive understanding of the design and functionality of these devices, serving as an important source of inspiration for new methods of synthesis and fabrication methodologies that aim to produce environmentally friendly SCs.
Supercapacitors are energy storage devices that enable enhanced charge storage capacity, fast charge‐discharge rates, and high power density. Industrial applications require inexpensive materials with outstanding performance. This review provides an in‐depth analysis of emerging bismuth‐based perovskite ferrite materials for practical supercapacitor applications. Recent advances in the field are presented with particular emphasis on the design and synthesis of electrode materials.
A novel and rapid microextraction approach termed as ionic liquid-linked dual magnetic microextraction (IL-DMME), was developed for the atomic absorption spectrometric determination of lead. The ...developed method based on a combination of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) and dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (D-μ-SPE). In the first DLLME step, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate C4mimPF6, was selected to extract the lead-pyrrolidine-dithiocarbamate (Pb-PDC) complex from sample solution by the assistance of vortex agitator. After the first step, fifty milligrams of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were added to extraction of the ionic liquid and Pb-PDC complex in aqueous solution. The effective factors in proposed IL-DMME procedure, including volume of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, amount of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles, vortex time, amount of ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, sample volume and matrix effect were optimized in details. Under the optimal conditions, the method present has low detection limit (0.57μgL−1), high preconcentration factor (160) and good repeatability (<7.5%, n=10). The accuracy of the developed method was evaluated by the analysis of the certified reference materials and addition-recovery tests. The method was successfully applied to the determination of lead in water, plant and hair samples.
•A new ionic liquid-linked dual magnetic microextraction was developed.•The analytical parameters were optimized.•The accuracy was evaluated by the analysis of the certified reference materials•The method was applied to the determination of lead in water, food and hair samples.
Bu çalışmada, CCSM4 ve ERA-Interim model verileri kullanılarak, Türkiye’de Son Buzul Maksimumu (SBM)’de ve günümüzdeki Holdridge ekolojik bölgeleri (HEB) oluşturulmuş-karşılaştırılmış, CCSM4 ...verilerine göre SBM’deki iklim özellikleri ortaya koyulmuştur. Analiz sonuçlarına göre SBM’deki sıcaklıkların günümüze göre farkları Karadeniz çevresinde düşükken, Türkiye’nin güneyine ve karasal iç bölgelerine doğru artmaktadır. SBM’deki yağışlar, yüksek dağlık alanlarda (Güneydoğu Toroslar hariç) günümüze göre yüksek, Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi ve deniz kıyıları ile alçak alanlarda düşüktür. HEB sınıflandırmasına göre Türkiye’de SBM’de alçak irtifa koşulları ortadan kalkmakta, dağlık, alpin ve karlı kat genişlemektedir. SBM’de Türkiye’de daha nemli (buharlaşma yağış oranı) koşullar oluştuğu, bu nemliliğin hem sıcaklık düşüşüne bağlı buharlaşma azalmasından hem de yağış artışından kaynaklandığı anlaşılmıştır. SBM’de Türkiye’de günümüzde bulunan çöl çalılığı ve dikenli çalılık biyomları görülmezken, dikenli step, step ve kurak orman biyomu alanları daralmış, diğer biyom alanları genişlemiştir. Çalışma sonucunda CCSM4 verilerinin, Türkiye’nin doğu yarısı için tutarlı, batı yarısı için yarı-tutarlı olduğu görülmüştür.
In this study, Holdridge ecological zones (HEZ) were created and compared for current and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) time using CCSM4 and ERA-Interim model data, and then climatic conditions of Turkey in LGM was analyzed using CCSM4 data. According to the results, the temperature difference in LGM compared today was low around the Black Sea while it increases at south and terrestrial of Turkey. Precipitation in LGM is high at mountain regions (exclude Southwestern Taurus Mountains) while it is low in coastal and low altitude and Eastern Anatolian Regions. According to HEZ results, lower montane is not defined at LGM but montane, sub alpine, alpine and nival conditions expanded. In LGM, more humidity conditions (ratio of evaporation and precipitation) was formed in Turkey connected increasing precipitation and especially decreasing evaporation. Desert scrub and thorn woodland are not defined in LGM, thorn steppe, steppe, dry forest biomes were narrowed while other biome areas were enlarged. In conclusion, it is obtained that CCSM4 data is suitable for eastern half of Turkey, but it is not usable for western half.
A switchable polarity solvent was synthesized from triethylamine (TEA)/water/CO2 (Dry ice) via proton transfer reaction has been used for the microextraction of cadmium(II) as ...pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) chelate. Cd(II)-APDC chelate was extracted into the switchable polarity solvent drops by adding 2 mL 10 M sodium hydroxide solution. Analytical parameters affecting the complex formation and microextraction efficiency such as pH, amount of ligand, volume of switchable polarity solvent and NaOH, sample volume were optimized. The effects of foreign ions were found tolerably. Under optimum conditions, the detection limit was 0.16 μg L−1 (3Sb/m, n = 7) and the relative standard deviation was 5.4% (n = 7). The method was validated by the analysis of certified reference materials (TMDA-51.3 fortified water, TMDA-53.3 fortified water and SPS-WW2 waste water, 1573a Tomato Leaves and Oriental Basma Tobacco Leaves (INCT-OBTL-5)) and addition/recovery tests. The method was successfully applied to determination of cadmium contents of water, vegetable, fruit and cigarette samples.
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•Switchable polarity solvent was synthesized from triethylamine (TEA)/water/CO2.•The switchable polarity solvent has been used for the microextraction of cadmium(II).•The important factors were optimized.•The method was applied to determination of cadmium in real samples.
A novel deep eutectic solvent based ultrasound-assisted liquid phase microextraction (DES-UALPME) has introduced for preconcentration of cobalt. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are studied as a green ...and eco-friendly solvents. In this method, 1-nitroso-2-naphthol was used as ligand. Cobalt concentration in DES rich phase was measured by a microsample injection system coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometer (MS-FAAS). Under optimum conditions, LOD, LOQ, preconcentration factor (PF) and % RSD were determined as 1.10μgL−1, 3.60μgL−1, 15 and 7.1% respectively. The accuracy of the developed method was evaluated by the analysis of a pharmaceutical supplement and tea samples. Recoveries of certified reference materials and spiked samples were obtained in the range of 97–105%. Finally, the performance characteristics of the proposed method were compared with other liquid phase microextraction procedures.
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•DESs first time used for cobalt determination•Ultrasonic assisted liquid phase microextraction developed for cobalt•The accuracy of the developed method was evaluated by the analysis of a pharmaceutical supplement and tea samples.
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) recently a global pandemic with unprecedented public health, economic and social impact. The development of effective mitigation ...strategies, therapeutics and vaccines relies on detailed genomic and biological characterization of the regional viruses. This study was carried out to isolate SARS-CoV-2 viruses circulating in Anatolia, and to investigate virus propagation in frequently-used cells and experimental animals. We obtained two SARS-CoV-2 viruses from nasopharngeal swabs of confirmed cases in Vero E6 cells, visualized the virions using atomic force and scanning electron microscopy and determined size distribution of the particles. Viral cytopathic effects on Vero E6 cells were initially observed at 72 h post-inoculation and reached 90% of the cells on the 5th day. The isolates displayed with similar infectivity titers, time course and infectious progeny yields. Genome sequencing revealed the viruses to be well-conserved, with less than 1% diversity compared to the prototype virus. The analysis of the viral genomes, along with the available 62 complete genomes from Anatolia, showed limited diversity (up to 0.2% on deduced amino acids) and no evidence of recombination. The most prominent sequence variation was observed on the spike protein, resulting in the substitution D614G, with a prevalence of 56.2%. The isolates produced non-fatal infection in the transgenic type I interferon knockout (IFNAR−/-) mice, with varying neutralizing antibody titers. Hyperemia, regional consolidation and subpleural air accumulation was observed on necropsy, with similar histopathological and immunohistochemistry findings in the lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, liver, spleen and kidneys. Peak viral loads were detected in the lungs, with virus RNA present in the kidneys, jejunum, liver, spleen and heart. In conclusion, we characterized two local isolates, investigated in vitro growth dynamics in Vero E6 cells and identified IFNAR−/− mice as a potential animal model for SARS-CoV-2 experiments.
Bioinformatics; Microbiology; Virology; Viral disease; Viral genetics; Epidemiology; Respiratory system; SARS-CoV-2; Isolate; Genome; IFNAR−/- mice
Holdridge ekolojik bölgeleri (HEB), iklim sınıflandırma amacıyla kullanılmakta, ayrıca biyom tanımlaması sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada yüksek çözünürlüklü ERA-Interim ve gelecek durumu yansıtan ...HadGEM2-CC modeli verileri kullanılarak, Türkiye’nin güncel, 2041-2060 ve 2061-2080 dönemleri içi HEB ve bu dönemlere ait tümleşik HEB sınırları oluşturulmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre 2041-2080 döneminde Türkiye’de alçak irtifa ve dağönü kuşakları genişlerken dağlık, yarı alpin ve alpin sahaların daralmakta karlı sahalar ise neredeyse ortadan kalkmaktadır. Türkiye’de 2041-2060 döneminde kurak sahalar ortaya çıkmakta, yarı kurak ve yarı nemli sahalar artmakta, nemli, çok nemli, aşırı nemli ve yarı doygun sahalar ise daralmaktadır. Günümüzde Türkiye’de çöl çalılıkları, dikenli çalılıklar, dikenli stepler, stepler, kurak ormanlar, nemli ormanlar, ıslak ormanlar, yağmur ormanları, tundralar ve soğuk çöl biyomları ile buzul alanları bulunmaktadır. 2041-2060 döneminde çok kurak orman biyomu ortaya çıkarken, 2061-2080 döneminde buzul alanları ortadan kalkmaktadır. Çalışmada ayrıca HEB sınıflarının belirlenmesi pratik hale getiren bir yöntem geliştirilmiştir.
Holdridge ecological zones (HEB) are used for climate classifications and contain biome identification. In this study, using high-resolution ERA-Interim and HadGEM2-CC model data, current, 2041-2060 and 2061-2080 periods HEB zones of Turkey have been created. According to the obtained results, while premontane and lower montane belts are expanded in Turkey, subalpine, alpine and alvar belts are narrowing during the 2041-2080 period. Arid regions that not been in Turkey now appears during the 2041-2060 period. While semi-arid and sub-humid areas are increasing, humid, per-humid, super humid and semi-saturated areas are decreasing in this period. Desert shrubs, thorn woodlands, thorn steppes, steppes, dry forests, moist forests, wet forests, rain forests, tundra and cold desert biomes has been determined in current Turkey conditions. While very arid forest biome appears in 2041-2060 period, glacial areas disappear in 2061-2080 period. A method that makes determination of HEB classes practical has been developed.
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