LiteBIRD is a candidate satellite for a strategic large mission of JAXA. With its expected launch in the middle of the 2020s with a H3 rocket, LiteBIRD plans to map the polarization of the cosmic ...microwave background radiation over the full sky with unprecedented precision. The full success of LiteBIRD is to achieve
δ
r
<
0.001
, where
δ
r
is the total error on the tensor-to-scalar ratio
r
. The required angular coverage corresponds to
2
≤
ℓ
≤
200
, where
ℓ
is the multipole moment. This allows us to test well-motivated cosmic inflation models. Full-sky surveys for 3 years at a Lagrangian point L2 will be carried out for 15 frequency bands between 34 and 448 GHz with two telescopes to achieve the total sensitivity of 2.5
μ
K arcmin with a typical angular resolution of 0.5
∘
at 150 GHz. Each telescope is equipped with a half-wave plate system for polarization signal modulation and a focal plane filled with polarization-sensitive TES bolometers. A cryogenic system provides a 100 mK base temperature for the focal planes and 2 K and 5 K stages for optical components.
Extreme temperatures have long been associated with adverse health impacts, ranging from minor illness, to increased hospitalizations and mortality. Heat-related mortality during summer months is ...likely to become an increasing public health problem in future due to the effects of climate change. We performed a health impact assessment for heat-related mortality for the warm months of April–September for the years 2004 to 2009 inclusive, for the city of Nicosia and for Cyprus as a whole, based on separately derived exposure-response functions. We further estimated the potential future heat-related mortality by including climate projections for southern Europe, which suggest changes in temperature of between 1°C and 5°C over the next century. There were 32 heat-related deaths per year in Cyprus over the study period. When adding the projected increase in temperature due to climate change, there was a substantial increase in mortality: for a 1°C increase in temperature, heat related mortality in Cyprus was estimated to double to 64 per year, and for a 5°C increase, heat-related mortality was expected to be 8 times the baseline rate for the warm season (281 compared with 32). This analysis highlights the importance of preparing for potential health impacts due to heat in Cyprus, particularly under a changing climate.
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•Heat poses a serious health risk to the population of Cyprus.•We quantify heat-related mortality for current and future climate in Cyprus.•Heat accounts for around 32 deaths a year in warm months in Cyprus.•Heat-related mortality is likely to increase sharply over this century.
Hydrothermal systems (viz. aqueous solution systems with high temperature (100-374°C) and pressure (0·1-22 MPa) are frequently acknowledged as multi-functional reaction media for various organic and ...inorganic reactions. This paper presents two typical uses of exhaust superheated steam for hydrothermal dehydration of bamboo and cedar leaves at moderate conditions (<300°C). The active carbon prepared by the dehydration of bamboo and cedar leaves was characterised by scanning electron microscope, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method and adsorption behaviour of heavy metals (e.g. Pb and Cd). The results indicate that the as-prepared active carbon from bamboo had a higher absorption ability than the commercial activated carbon formed by heating biomass at 800°C. Moreover, the as-prepared carbon from cedar leaves expressed a much better adsorption of Pb than the commercial carbon products. Therefore, this demonstrates great potential of disposed exhaust stream up to 300°C in the uses of the hydration of the biomass to produce high-performance active carbon products.
•Vegetation evolution was numerically performed based on velocity thresholds.•The vegetation patches interacted with one another, promoting feedbacks and merger.•The evolved vegetation was elongated ...and covered as much as half the channel area.
Computational fluid dynamics was used to study the evolution of small patches of vegetation into a vegetated landscape in a channel. The growth of new vegetation occurred in regions where the flow velocity was reduced below a threshold value defined as a fraction of the channel-average velocity (U0). Two threshold values, or limiting velocity values (LV), were used: LV = 0.5 and 0.7. Two initial blockage factors (percentage vegetation coverage of the channel) were considered, 3% and 0.3%, chosen to represent cases with and without, respectively, hydrodynamic interaction between the initial patches. The simulation illustrated both positive feedbacks between flow and vegetation, which enhanced vegetation expansion, and negative feedbacks, which led to patch erosion and limited patch growth. The most rapid expansion of the vegetated area occurred during the initial simulation steps, when the flow blockage due to vegetation was small. A higher velocity threshold (higher LV) produced more rapid initial growth and a higher final coverage of vegetation. The patches evolved to one or a few elongated islands extending along the channel.
IntroductionDeformational plagiocephaly (DP) is one of the most common cranial shape disorders in infancy. It is characterised by unilateral flattening of the skull due to head preference to one ...side. The literature suggests that DP is associated with comorbidities such as developmental delay, but the nature and prevalence of the comorbid impairments are still unclear and controversial. Therefore, our scoping review (ScR) aims to explore systematically the extent and nature of literature by identifying, mapping and categorising the most relevant comorbidities of DP in children up to the age of 2 years.Methods and analysisThis protocol is based on the framework outlined by Arksey and O’Malley. A systematic search will be conducted to identify relevant full text studies from 1992 to 2021 using the databases of Cochrane, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, EMBASE, PubMed and University of Nicosia EBSCO. Two independent reviewers will screen abstracts and full articles in parallel, using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Specifically, this review will consider studies investigating DP and relevant comorbidities in children up to the age of 2 years of life without craniosynostosis, torticollis and any other diagnosed neurodevelopmental deficiency.The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for ScR Checklist will be considered for results’ analysis and reporting. The results will be described in a narrative form in relation to the research question and in the context of the overall study purpose.Ethics and disseminationResearch ethics approval is not required for this ScR since data will be retrieved from publicly available studies. Dissemination activities will include research findings’ submission for publication in a relevant peer-reviewed journal and presentation of the results at relevant conferences.RegistrationOur protocol was registered prospectively with the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/48am3/).
A
57
Fe nucleus in the solar core could emit a 14.4-keV monochromatic axion through the M1 transition if a hypothetical elementary particle, axion, exists to solve the strong CP problem. Transition ...edge sensor (TES) X-ray microcalorimeters can detect such axions very efficiently if they are again converted into photons by a
57
Fe absorber. We have designed and produced a dedicated TES array with
57
Fe absorbers for the solar axion search. The iron absorber is set next to the TES, keeping a certain distance to reduce the iron-magnetization effect on the spectroscopic performance. A gold thermal transfer strap connects them. A sample pixel irradiated from a
55
Fe source detected 698 pulses. In contrast to thermal simulations, we consider that the pulses include either events produced in an iron absorber or gold strap at a fraction dependent on the absorption rate of each material. Furthermore, photons deposited on the iron absorber are detected through the strap as intended. The identification of all events still needs to be completed. However, we successfully operated the TES with the unique design under iron magnetization for the first time.
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