Stretchable electronics are essential for the development of intensely packed collapsible and portable electronics, wearable electronics, epidermal and bioimplanted electronics, 3D surface compliable ...devices, bionics, prosthesis, and robotics. However, most stretchable devices are currently based on inorganic electronics, whose high cost of fabrication and limited processing area make it difficult to produce inexpensive, large‐area devices. Therefore, organic stretchable electronics are highly attractive due to many advantages over their inorganic counterparts, such as their light weight, flexibility, low cost and large‐area solution‐processing, the reproducible semiconductor resources, and the easy tuning of their properties via molecular tailoring. Among them, stretchable organic semiconductor devices have become a hot and fast‐growing research field, in which great advances have been made in recent years. These fantastic advances are summarized here, focusing on stretchable organic field‐effect transistors, light‐emitting devices, solar cells, and memory devices.
Stretchable organic semiconductor devices are essential for the development of low‐cost, large‐area collapsible and portable electronics, wearable electronics, epidermal and bioimplanted electronics, 3D surface compliable devices, bionics, prosthesis, and robotics. Great advances have been made in this field in recent years, which are summarized, focusing on stretchable organic field‐effect transistors, light‐emitting devices, solar cells, and memory devices.
Mucosal immunity protects a host from intestinal inflammation and infection and is profoundly influenced by symbiotic bacteria. Here we report that in mice symbiotic bacteria directed selective cargo ...sorting in Paneth cells to promote symbiosis through Nod2, a cytosolic bacterial sensor, and the multifunctional protein kinase LRRK2, both encoded by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-associated genes. Commensals recruited Nod2 onto lysozyme-containing dense core vesicles (DCVs), which was required for DCV localization of LRRK2 and a small GTPase, Rab2a. Deficiency of Nod2, LRRK2 or Rab2a or depletion of commensals resulted in lysosomal degradation of lysozyme. Thus, commensal bacteria and host factors orchestrate the lysozyme-sorting process to protect the host from enteric infection, implicating Paneth cell dysfunction in IBD pathogenesis.
Metformin has been reported to function as the anti-tumor inhibiting the growth of different types of cancers, including bladder cancer. But there are few reports on the roles of Yap1, the key ...molecule of Hippo pathway, in the metformin induced inhibition of bladder cancer (BLCA). We are wondering if the inhibitory effect of metformin on bladder cancer is fulfilled via Yap1 and exploring the related mechanism.
MTS and colony formation assays were used to explore the cellular viabilities and proliferation of BLCA cells challenged by metformin at different concentrations, in vitro. Flow Cytometry (FCM) was used to analyze the cell cycle and the cellular apoptosis of the BLCA cells. Western Blot was performed to detect the expressions of AMPKα, Yap1, CCND1, CCNE1/2 and CDK2/4/6 in the metformin-treated BLCA cell lines. RNAi method was used for the related genetic functional analysis. The relationships among Yap1, TEADs and CCNE1/2 were predicted and evaluated using bioinformatics, dual-luciferase reporter and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays. For in vivo experiments, a xenograft model was used to investigate the effects of metformin on the proliferation of BLCA cells. And Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay was performed to assess the expressions of CCNE1/2 and Yap1 proteins in the tumor tissues from the model.
Metformin could inhibit the proliferation of the BLCA cells via inducing the G1 cell cycle arrest without apoptosis. And metformin upregulated the phosphorylated AMPKα and decreased the expressions of Yap1 and CCND1, CCNE1/2 and CDK4/6. AMPK inhibition by compound C (CC) restored the cell proliferation and the G1 cell cycle arrest induced by metformin, in vivo. Knockdown of YAP1 inhibited the proliferation of BLCA cells and caused the cell cycle arrest at G1 phase by decreasing the expressions of CCNE1/2 and other G1 phase related molecules, which has been restored by the Yap 5SA mutant. Bioinformatics analysis showed that trans-factor TEAD4 was highly expressed and positively associated with the expressions of CCNE1 and CCNE2 in BLCA and only TEAD4 was precipitated by Yap1 in the BLCA cells. Further studies demonstrated that Yap1 positively regulated both CCNE1 and CCNE2 expressions via forming complex with TEAD4. Furthermore, we observed that metformin inhibited the cell proliferation by decreasing the expressions of Yap1 and both CCNE1 and CCNE2 in xenograft model.
The results of our study reveal a new potential regulatory pathway in which metformin inhibits cell proliferation via AMPKα/Yap1/TEAD4/CCNE1/2 axis in BLCA cells, providing new insights into novel molecular therapeutic targets for BLCA.
•The value of water and soil resources for residential and industrial land was studied.•The processes of energy flow in residential and industrial land were analyzed.•The value of water and soil ...resources in the process of energy flow was identified.•The value of industrial and mining land in Luoyang was the highest.
Scientific identification of the ecological and economic value of water and soil resources and quantitative evaluation are the basis for scientifically guiding the rational allocation of water and soil resources. Various values in previous studies were difficult to measure and compare uniformly, owing to their different manifestations. Based on ecological economics, the energy conversion mechanism of the interaction process of water and soil resources was described, and the ecological and economic values of the water and soil resources generated in the accompanying process were identified in this study. Then, for industrial and mining, residential, and public service land subsystems, the energy analysis method was used to obtain the unified calculation of the ecological and economic value of the water and soil resources. Using Luoyang City, Henan Province, China as the research area, the ecological and economic value of water and soil resources for residential and industrial land from 2015 to 2019 was calculated and according to the results, they were ranked as industrial and mining land > residential land > public service land. This study provides a unified quantitative analysis method for comprehensive decision-making for the rational utilisation of water and soil resources in specific counties, cities, and provinces.
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are characterized by a progressive loss of selective neuron subtypes in the central ...nervous system (CNS). Although various factors account for the initiation and development of these diseases, accumulating evidence shows that impaired mitochondrial function is a prominent and common mechanism. Mitochondria play a critical role in neurons and are involved in energy production, cellular metabolism regulation, intracellular calcium homeostasis, immune responses, and cell fate. Thus, cells in the CNS heavily rely on mitochondrial integrity. Many aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction are manifested in neurodegenerative diseases, including aberrant mitochondrial quality control (mitoQC), mitochondrial-driven inflammation, and bioenergetic defects. Herein, we briefly summarize the molecular basis of mitoQC, including mitochondrial proteostasis, biogenesis, dynamics, and organelle degradation. We also focus on the research, to date, regarding aberrant mitoQC and mitochondrial-driven inflammation in several common neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we outline novel therapeutic strategies that target aberrant mitoQC in neurodegenerative diseases.
Crown-lengthening procedures (CLPs) and orthodontic eruption procedures (OEPs) improve the biomechanical properties of residual root restoration. However, their use is limited by clinic time, cost, ...and crown-root ratio. An inner shoulder retention form (ISRF) overcomes these limits; however, whether ISRF meets the biomechanical requirements is unclear.
The purpose of this in vitro and finite element analysis (FEA) study was to evaluate the effects of 3 residual root treatments (ISRF, CLP, and OEP) on premolar fracture resistance and stress distribution after post-and-core restoration.
Thirty-two extracted mandibular second premolars were screened and randomly divided into 4 groups (n=8): a 2-mm ferrule restoration group (NPR2; control group) and 3 experimental groups (0.5×0.5-mm ISRF ISRF0.5, 2-mm CLP CLP2, and 2-mm OEP OEP2). After removal of the crown, endodontic treatment, and embedding and restoration, the specimens were loaded on a universal tester (crosshead speed of 0.1 mm per minute) at 30 degrees to the long axis of the tooth until fracture. Fracture resistance and pattern were analyzed. Four groups were added in FEA: 1-mm ferrule restoration group (NPR1), 1.0×1.0-mm ISRF (ISRF1), 1-mm CLP (CLP1), and 1-mm OEP (OEP1). The maximum principal stress peak (σmax), maximum displacement, and stress distribution were evaluated.
Mean fracture load ±standard deviation was 796.23 ±155.61 N (NPR2), 650.32 ±150.43 N (ISRF0.5), 385.38 ±149.92 N (CLP2), and 542.93 ±79.34 N (OEP2); these differences were statistically significant (F=12.724; P<.001). The main fracture patterns were decementation from the lingual crown margin and oblique root fracture in ferrule restoration groups and post-and-core decementation and oblique fracture starting from the middle proximal surface in the ISRF groups without ferrules. In FEA, the results of NPR2, ISRF0.5, CLP2, and OEP2 were consistent with the in vitro experiments and provided stress distribution and displacement information.
Teeth with crown dentin ferrules showed higher fracture resistance and lower stress concentration. For residual roots, ISRF and OEP showed no differences, but CLP had lower fracture resistance and higher stress concentration.
While numerous single atoms stabilized by support surfaces have been reported, the synthesis of in-situ reduced discrete metal atoms weakly coordinated and stabilized in liquid media is a more ...challenging goal. We report the genesis of mononuclear electron deficient Pt
(0) by reducing H
PtCl
in liquid polydimethylsiloxane-polyethylene glycol (PDMS-PEG) (Pt
@PDMS-PEG). UV-Vis, far-IR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies evidence the reduction of H
PtCl
. CO infrared, and
Pt and
C NMR spectroscopies provide strong evidence of Pt
(0), existing as a pseudo-octahedral structure of (R
OR
)
Pt(0)Cl
H
(R
and R
are H, C, or Si groups accordingly). The weakly coordinated (R
OR
)
Pt(0)Cl
H
structure and electron deficient Pt
(0) have been validated by comparing experimental and DFT calculated
Pt NMR spectra. The H
in protic state and the Cl
together resemble HCl as the weak coordination. Neutralization by a base causes the formation of Pt nanoparticles. The Pt
@PDMS-PEG shows ultrahigh activity in olefin hydrosilylation with excellent terminal adducts selectivity.
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been widely applied in fixed dental prostheses, comprising crowns, fixed partial dentures, and post-and-core. PEEK’s excellent mechanical properties facilitate better ...stress distribution than conventional materials, protecting the abutment teeth. However, the stiffness of PEEK is not sufficient, which can be improved via fiber reinforcement. PEEK is biocompatible. It is nonmutagenic, noncytotoxic, and nonallergenic. However, the chemical stability of PEEK is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, PEEK is nondegradable and intraoral corrosion is minimized. On the other hand, the inert surface makes adhesive bonding difficult. Numerous strategies for improving the adhesive properties of PEEK have been explored, including acid etching, plasma treatment, airborne particle abrasion, laser treatment, and adhesive systems.
Mitochondria are organelles responsible for bioenergetic metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and signal transmission essential for neurons due to their high energy consumption. Accumulating evidence has ...demonstrated that mitochondria play a key role in axon degeneration and regeneration under physiological and pathological conditions. Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs at an early stage of axon degeneration and involves oxidative stress, energy deficiency, imbalance of mitochondrial dynamics, defects in mitochondrial transport, and mitophagy dysregulation. The restoration of these defective mitochondria by enhancing mitochondrial transport, clearance of reactive oxidative species (ROS), and improving bioenergetic can greatly contribute to axon regeneration. In this paper, we focus on the biological behavior of axonal mitochondria in aging, injury (e.g., traumatic brain and spinal cord injury), and neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, AD; Parkinson's disease, PD; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS) and consider the role of mitochondria in axon regeneration. We also compare the behavior of mitochondria in different diseases and outline novel therapeutic strategies for addressing abnormal mitochondrial biological behavior to promote axonal regeneration in neurological diseases and injuries.
Extant research has consistently demonstrated that negative perfectionism is an important driver of procrastination. However, existing studies suffer from several salient limitations, such as an ...inadequacy in understanding its mediating mechanism, and the lack of an overarching theoretical framework. Accordingly, the present study adopts the ego depletion theory to investigate how and under what conditions negative perfectionism leads to procrastination. Specifically, we propose that fear of failure and ego depletion serially mediate the effect of negative perfectionism on procrastination, and that cognitive flexibility moderates this chain mediating effect. A three-wave survey consisting of 490 participants, in which negative perfectionism was measured in the first survey, fear of failure and ego depletion were measured in the second, and procrastination was measured in the last survey, lends support to all of our hypotheses. Specifically, our results indicate that (a) negative perfectionism influences procrastination through the chain mediating effect of fear of failure and ego depletion; (b) cognitive flexibility moderates the effect of fear of failure on ego depletion in that the effect is weaker when cognitive flexibility is high rather than low; and (c) cognitive flexibility moderates the chain mediating effect of negative perfectionism on procrastination, such that this chain mediation is weaker when cognitive flexibility is high rather than low. Our findings are discussed in terms of the theoretical contribution to reveal the mechanism by which negative perfectionism results in negative effects from the novel perspective of ego depletion.
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