Facing consumers' growing demand for fast order fulfillment, it is important yet challenging for franchise companies to best incentivize frequent inventory sharing among their independent franchise ...retailers or dealers to achieve channel coordination. Past literature has only addressed such channel coordination for one‐time inventory sharing using contractual agreements, which unfortunately do not work for frequent inventory sharing. In this study, we consider multiple inventory‐sharing opportunities and propose a novel coordinating mechanism: internal inventory trading, enabled by disruptive IT platforms, such as the OneView platform's Inventory Management module (OVIM). On the OVIM, designed and operated by a brand (franchiser), every retailer (franchisee) can frequently access to all brand inventories virtually as they trade (buy or sell) inventory with one another and the brand. Using dynamic multiperiod games, we investigate how the brand should craft the trade rules and how the retailers should respond and trade periodically in equilibrium. We prove that channel coordination can be achieved in equilibrium, and the coordination requires both an internal inventory‐trading platform and the brand's proactive involvement in trading as the rule and market maker. Specifically, the coordinating trade rules require the brand to (1) only profit from the royalties (not from trading), (2) set the coordinating trade prices (CTPs) to respond to the real‐time channel inventory, and (3) let the buyer and the seller split shipping costs in any proportion, but not offering any subsidy. We provide a detailed characterization of the CTPs for each period, serving multiple purposes beyond simply removing double marginalization. When the channel inventory is high and imbalanced, the CTPs must include a trading reward to prevent retailers from strategically holding more or less inventory than the channel‐optimal amount to “manipulate” future trade prices. The good news is that these CTPs are intuitive (constant or market‐clearing) and can be automated into the trading platform ex ante. These actionable insights can guide franchise companies toward best utilizing their channel inventory and improving their profit and customer satisfaction.
We develop an integrated production–distribution model for a deteriorating item in a two-echelon supply chain. The supplier’s production batch size is restricted to an integer multiple of the ...discrete delivery lot quantity to the buyer. Exact cost functions for the supplier, the buyer and the entire supply chain are developed. These lead to the determination of individual optimal policies, as well as the optimal policy for the overall, integrated supply chain. We outline a procedure for determining the optimal supply chain decisions with the objective of minimizing the total system cost. Our approach is illustrated through a numerical example.
Web3.0, as the link between the physical and digital domains, faces increasing security threats due to its inherent complexity and openness. Traditional intrusion detection systems (IDSs) encounter ...formidable challenges in grappling with the multidimensional and nonlinear traffic data characteristic of the Web3.0 environment. Such challenges include insufficient samples of attack data, inadequate feature extraction, and resultant inaccuracies in model classification. Moreover, the scarcity of certain traffic data available for analysis by IDSs impedes the system’s capacity to document instances of malicious behavior. In response to these exigencies, this paper presents a novel approach to Web3.0 intrusion detection, predicated on the utilization of cycle-consistent generative adversarial networks (CycleGANs). Leveraging the data transformation capabilities of its generator, this method facilitates bidirectional conversion between normal Web3.0 behavioral data and potentially intrusive behavioral data. This transformative process not only augments the diversity and volume of recorded intrusive behaviors but also clandestinely simulates various attack scenarios. Furthermore, through fostering mutual competition and learning between the discriminator and generator, the approach enhances the ability to discern the defining characteristics of potential intrusive behaviors, thereby bolstering the accuracy of intrusion detection. To substantiate the efficacy of the CycleGAN-based intrusion detection method, simulation experiments were conducted utilizing public datasets, including KDD CUP 1999 (KDD), CIC-DDOS2019, CIC-IDS2018, and SR-BH 2020. The experimental findings evince the method’s remarkable accuracies across the four datasets, attaining rates of 99.81%, 97.79%, 89.25%, and 95.15%, respectively, while concurrently maintaining low false-positive rates. This research contributes novel insights and methodologies toward the advancement of Web3.0 intrusion detection through the application of CycleGAN technology, which is poised to play a pivotal role in fortifying the security landscape of Web3.0.
This dissertation extends prior research on inferring individual preferences from the following two aspects: one is to examine important latent behavioral factors affecting consumers' consumption ...decisions; the other is to overcome the challenges arising from incomplete information. Regarding latent behavioral factors, this dissertation considers the following two aspects: (1) three types of intragroup dynamics behavior, and (2) variety-seeking behavior. Regarding incomplete information, this dissertation focuses on two types of incomplete information: individual's behavior and identity, and order of consumption. Specifically, Chapter 2 presents a method to infer heterogeneous individual preferences and three components of intragroup dynamics using just aggregate and de-identified data. Chapter 3 emphasizes the effect of consumption outcomes on an individual's propensity for variety-seeking when the order of consumption is unobserved. To overcome the challenges arising from incomplete information, this dissertation develops advanced individual-level Bayesian models and uses two-step iterative algorithms to estimate the proposed models in an MCMC framework. In-depth simulation studies show that the parameters are well recovered, suggesting that the proposed models are identified. Furthermore, this dissertation shows that ignoring latent behavioral factors may lead to biased estimation of individual preferences, which could result in many consequences. This dissertation applies the proposed methods to two empirical settings: an individual-level TV viewing and targeted TV advertising setting using Nielsen People Meter (NPM) data, and an online video game environment. In the TV viewing setting, it is shown that the proposed method could significantly improve the efficiency of TV ad targeting through counterfactual analysis. In the video-game environment, results show that although there is extensive heterogeneity, on average, positive consumption outcomes lead to inertial preferences, while negative consumption outcomes lead to variety-seeking. In sum, this dissertation shows the importance to incorporate important latent behavioral factors in inferring heterogeneous individual preferences especially when data are incomplete, and proposes innovative methods to overcome the challenges emerging from incomplete information.
Purpose With the rapid development of social networks, the public opinion environment on the Internet is changing rapidly. Nowadays, social networks have become one of the important platforms for ...internet users to understand current political news and discuss hot news, and the generation and dissemination of emergencies are inseparable from the important channel of social networks. It is necessary to effectively channel public opinion, reduce the malicious spread of users, and resolve the crisis of public opinion when an emergency occurs. Method This paper collects the comment data of three emergencies at the national security level under the microblog platform, and uses the natural language processing model to process the data, and constructs the emergency event evolutionary graph and the emergency abstract event evolutionary graph. Conclusion The results show that when a major emergency occurs, the severity, details and background of the event attract the most attention from the public, and they are the core elements that constitute the event evolutionary graph. In emergencies involving all aspects of national security, politics and medical care, the relevant departments shall guide a positive and favorable public opinion atmosphere in society and create a harmonious public opinion environment.
SnO2 has been well investigated in many successful state‐of‐the‐art perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its favorable attributes such as high mobility, wide bandgap, and deep conduction band and ...valence band. Several independent studies show the performances of PSCs with SnO2 are higher than that with TiO2, especially in device stability. In 2015, the first planar PSCs were reported with a power conversion efficiency over 17% using a low temperature sol‐derived SnO2 nanocrystal electron transport layer (ETL). Since then, many other groups have also reported high performance PSCs based on SnO2 ETLs. SnO2 planar PSCs show currently the highest performance in planar configuration devices (21.6%) and are close to the record holder of TiO2 mesoporous PSCs, suggesting their high potential as ETLs in PSCs. The main concerns with the application of SnO2 as ETL are that it suffers from degradation in high temperature processes and that its much lower conduction band compared to perovskite may result in a voltage loss of PSCs. Here, notable achievements to date are outlined, the unique attributes of SnO2 as ETLs in PSCs are described, and the challenges facing the successful development of PSCs and approaches to the problems are discussed.
The application of SnO2 in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is reviewed. The favorable attributes and preparation techniques of SnO2 as electron transport layers (ETLs) are highlighted. The benefits and drawbacks of SnO2 as ETLs and the corresponding remedial strategies are also discussed. The understanding of the relationship between the structures and properties of SnO2 promotes the development of SnO2 PSCs.
The carrier concentration of the electron‐selective layer (ESL) and hole‐selective layer can significantly affect the performance of organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). ...Herein, a facile yet effective two‐step method, i.e., room‐temperature colloidal synthesis and low‐temperature removal of additive (thiourea), to control the carrier concentration of SnO2 quantum dot (QD) ESLs to achieve high‐performance PSCs is developed. By optimizing the electron density of SnO2 QD ESLs, a champion stabilized power output of 20.32% for the planar PSCs using triple cation perovskite absorber and 19.73% for those using CH3NH3PbI3 absorber is achieved. The superior uniformity of low‐temperature processed SnO2 QD ESLs also enables the fabrication of ≈19% efficiency PSCs with an aperture area of 1.0 cm2 and 16.97% efficiency flexible device. The results demonstrate the promise of carrier‐concentration‐controlled SnO2 QD ESLs for fabricating stable, efficient, reproducible, large‐scale, and flexible planar PSCs.
SnO2 quantum dots (QDs) are synthesized by a simple and reproducible two‐step low‐temperature method, in which the carrier concentration of colloidal SnO2 QDs is controlled. Planar perovskite solar cells with efficiencies of 20.8% in small size (0.09 cm2), ≈19% in large size (1 cm2), and 16.97% for flexible devices with low‐temperature processed SnO2 QD electron‐selective layers are obtained.
The development of a facile and fast method to construct anisotropic hydrogels with the ability to induce unidirectional growth of cells remains challenging. In this work, we demonstrated anisotropic ...cellulose hydrogels (ACHs) that are composed of nanoscale aligned nanofibers by dissolving cotton liner pulp in alkali/urea aqueous solution. On the basis of directionally controlling the architecture of cellulose chains with a facial prestretching strategy in chemical gel state and locking the highly ordered nanostructure through the formation of close physical networks via strong self-aggregation forces among neighboring cellulose nanofibers, ACHs, combing with a long-range aligned structure, entirely differential mechanical performances along the parallel and perpendicular directions of the hydrogel orientation and optical birefringence, were constructed. The aggregation of hydrogen bonds in anisotropic and isotropic hydrogels are of significant difference, confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance technology. Importantly, ACHs with microgroove-like structure promote the adhesion and orientation of cardiomyocytes. Our work demonstrated the bottom-up fabrication of polysaccharide-based hydrogels with anisotropic structure and properties, paving the way to potentially apply them in cardiomyocytes in vitro culture system.
Lead halide perovskite solar cells with the high efficiencies typically use high-temperature processed TiO2 as the electron transporting layers (ETLs). Here, we demonstrate that low-temperature ...solution-processed nanocrystalline SnO2 can be an excellent alternative ETL material for efficient perovskite solar cells. Our best-performing planar cell using such a SnO2 ETL has achieved an average efficiency of 16.02%, obtained from efficiencies measured from both reverse and forward voltage scans. The outstanding performance of SnO2 ETLs is attributed to the excellent properties of nanocrystalline SnO2 films, such as good antireflection, suitable band edge positions, and high electron mobility. The simple low-temperature process is compatible with the roll-to-roll manufacturing of low-cost perovskite solar cells on flexible substrates.
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