Western North America (WNA) experienced an unprecedented heatwave from late June to early July 2021, which lies far outside the historical range. Based on the model outputs from Coupled Model ...Intercomparison Project Phase 6, we find that the likelihood of a heatwave over WNA similar to the 2021 one increases with global warming. Such a heatwave is projected to occur more frequently with increased extreme temperature and shortened return period. It means that a rare event in the current climate will be a more common event in a warmer climate, especially under a high‐emission scenario like the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 585 (SSP5‐8.5). Moreover, we show a large expansion of areas over WNA that will break the 2021 record in the future with an increasing level of emission scenario. Nevertheless, some heatwave records west of the Rocky Mountains are still difficult to break, highlighting the specific extremity of the 2021 WNA heatwave.
Plain Language Summary
An unprecedented heatwave occurred across Western North America (WNA) from late June to early July 2021. It lies far outside the historical range and poses considerable hazards to the regional society and economy, raising questions about how the likelihood of a similar heatwave to the 2021 one will change under global warming. Here, we analyze the likelihood of experiencing a similar heatwave over WNA in a warmer world using 15 state‐of‐the‐art climate models that participate in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 in different emission scenarios. We show that the likelihood of a similar event will increase in the future if the global warming level continues to rise. We also show that heatwaves similar to the unprecedented 2021 one over WNA are projected to become more frequent in the future, especially under the high‐emission scenario. Despite the increase in the likelihood of a similar event in the future, some temperature records west of the Rocky Mountains set in the 2021 summer are difficult to break regardless of the emission scenarios, illustrating the magnitude of heat extremes observed in 2021.
Key Points
An unprecedented heatwave lying far outside the historical range occurred from late June to early July 2021 over Western North America (WNA)
The likelihood of experiencing a similar heatwave will diversely increase in a warmer world under different emission scenarios
The heatwave‐affected areas over WNA that surpass the 2021 record will expand with global warming
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common peripheral nerve entrapment syndrome, affecting a large proportion of the general population. Genetic susceptibility has been implicated in CTS, but ...the causative genes remain elusive. Here, we report the identification of two mutations in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) that segregate with CTS in two large families with or without multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED). Both mutations impair the secretion of COMP by tenocytes, but the mutation associated with MED also perturbs its secretion in chondrocytes. Further functional characterization of the CTS-specific mutation reveals similar histological and molecular changes of tendons/ligaments in patients' biopsies and the mouse models. The mutant COMP fails to oligomerize properly and is trapped in the ER, resulting in ER stress-induced unfolded protein response and cell death, leading to inflammation, progressive fibrosis and cell composition change in tendons/ligaments. The extracellular matrix (ECM) organization is also altered. Our studies uncover a previously unrecognized mechanism in CTS pathogenesis.
The Bakken Formation is a typical tight oil reservoir and oil production formation in the world. Pore structure is one of the key factors that determine the accumulation and production of the ...hydrocarbon. In order to study the pore structures and main controlling factors of the Bakken Formation, 12 samples were selected from the Bakken Formation and conducted on a set of experiments including X-ray diffraction mineral analysis (XRD), total organic carbon (TOC), vitrinite reflectance (Ro), and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiments. Results showed that the average TOC and Ro of Upper and Lower Bakken shale is 10.72 wt% and 0.86%, respectively. The Bakken Formation develops micropores, mesopores, and macropores. However, the Upper and Lower Bakken shale are dominated by micropores, while the Middle Bakken tight reservoir is dominated by mesopores. The total pore volume and specific surface area of the Middle Bakken are significantly higher than those of the Upper and Lower Bakken, indicating that Middle Bakken is more conducive to the storage of oil and gas. Through analysis, the main controlling factors for the pore structure of the Upper and Lower Bakken shale are TOC and maturity, while those for Middle Bakken are clay and quartz contents.
•Pretreating faba silage-based diet with fibrolytic enzymes from Trichoderma reesei impacted dairy cows.•The dosage levels of fibrolytic enzyme did not affect feeding behavior and nitrogen ...balance.•Milk fat and fat-corrected milk were linearly affected by the increasing level of enzyme.•Feed efficiency linearly responded to incremental levels of fibrolytic enzymes.•Supplementing fibrolytic enzyme improved lactational performance, intake, and digestibility.
Whole-plant faba bean silage has a high content in indigestible fiber. Improvement of fiber digestibility of faba bean silage would benefit animal production. However, there is no study on pretreating fibrolytic enzyme in whole-plant faba bean silage-based diet for dairy cows on animal performance. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of pretreating whole-plant faba bean silage-baseddiet with fibrolytic enzyme (a mixture of xylanase and cellulase; AB Vista, UK) derived from Trichoderma reesei(FETR) on lactational performance, digestibility, ruminal fermentation characteristics, and feeding behavior of dairy cows. The animal trial was conducted using eight lactating Holstein cows (BW = 710 ± 44 kg and Days in Milk (DIM) = 121 ± 17 days) with four levels of FETR (0, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mL of FETR/kg DM of silage) in a replicated Latin square design. These enzyme treatments were selected based on the previous in situ and in vitro findings that showed positive responses to the whole-plant faba bean silage. The enzyme treatments were directly applied on the silage prior to mixing process. The total mixed rations contained 31% of faba bean silage, 14% of grass hay, 3.5% of straw, 30% of barley and corn grain and 21.5% of concentrate. There was no significant difference of applying FETR on nutrient intake (P > 0.05) except for CP intake, which was reduced in FETR group compared to control (P < 0.01, 4.4 vs 4.54 kg/d). There was a linear effect found in NDF digestibility when treated with FETR, where maximum improvement was achieved with 0.5 mL of FETR application. The milk fat yield, percentage of milk fat and fat-corrected milk were linearly affected by the increasing level of enzyme. The cows fed a diet supplemented with enzymes tended to have a lower milk fat. Feed efficiency linearly responded to incremental levels of FETR. There was no enzyme effect on feeding behavior and nitrogen balance and utilization. Results from this study indicated that supplementing fibrolytic enzyme on whole-plant faba bean silage diets for dairy cows improved lactational performance, intake and digestibility with 0.5 mL of FETR application. However, adding higher enzyme level resulted in negative effects on animal performance.
Abstract Histone phosphorylation is instrumental in regulating diverse cellular processes across eukaryotes. Unraveling the kinases that target specific histone sites is key to deciphering the ...underlying mechanisms. Among the various sites on histone tails that can undergo phosphorylation, the kinase responsible for H3.3S31 phosphorylation remained elusive. Since both H3.3S31ph and H3T3ph occur specifically during mitosis, and Haspin is the known kinase for H3T3 phosphorylation, we investigated its potential role in H3.3S31 phosphorylation. We employed CRISPR/Cas9, RNA interference, and specific small molecule inhibitors to eliminate Haspin function in various cell types. Our data consistently revealed a link between Haspin and H3.3S31ph. Furthermore, in vitro kinase assays provided evidence supporting Haspin's contribution to H3.3S31ph. Loss‐ and gain‐of‐function experiments targeting Haspin and Aurora B further suggested a hierarchical relationship. Haspin acts as a downstream kinase of Aurora B, specifically orchestrating H3.3S31 phosphorylation in mESCs. This study unveils a novel role for Haspin as a kinase in regulating H3.3S31 phosphorylation during mitosis. This discovery holds promise for expanding our understanding of the functional significance of Haspin and H3.3S31ph in mammals.
Histone phosphorylation is instrumental in regulating diverse cellular processes across eukaryotes. Unraveling the kinases that target specific histone sites is key to deciphering the underlying ...mechanisms. Among the various sites on histone tails that can undergo phosphorylation, the kinase responsible for H3.3S31 phosphorylation remained elusive. Since both H3.3S31ph and H3T3ph occur specifically during mitosis, and Haspin is the known kinase for H3T3 phosphorylation, we investigated its potential role in H3.3S31 phosphorylation. We employed CRISPR/Cas9, RNA interference, and specific small molecule inhibitors to eliminate Haspin function in various cell types. Our data consistently revealed a link between Haspin and H3.3S31ph. Furthermore, in vitro kinase assays provided evidence supporting Haspin's contribution to H3.3S31ph. Loss‐ and gain‐of‐function experiments targeting Haspin and Aurora B further suggested a hierarchical relationship. Haspin acts as a downstream kinase of Aurora B, specifically orchestrating H3.3S31 phosphorylation in mESCs. This study unveils a novel role for Haspin as a kinase in regulating H3.3S31 phosphorylation during mitosis. This discovery holds promise for expanding our understanding of the functional significance of Haspin and H3.3S31ph in mammals.
High-density cell culture is pivotal for the chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Two high-density cell culture systems, micromass and pellet culture, have been used ...to induce chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs. In micromass culture, the induced-cartilage tissues were larger, more homogenous and enriched in cartilage-specific collagen II but the fibrocartilage-like feature, collagen I, and hypertrophic chondrocyte feature, collagen X, were markedly decreased compared to those in pellet culture. Furthermore, real time RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that collagen II and aggrecan mRNA were up-regulated while collagen X and collagen I mRNA were down-regulated in micromass culture. Thus, the micromass culture system is a promising tool for in vitro chondrogenic studies.
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are crucial for various biological processes, and predicting PPIs is a major challenge. To solve this issue, the most common method is link prediction. Currently, ...the link prediction methods based on network Paths of Length Three (L3) have been proven to be highly effective. In this paper, we propose a novel link prediction algorithm, named SMS, which is based on L3 and protein similarities. We first design a mixed similarity that combines the topological structure and attribute features of nodes. Then, we compute the predicted value by summing the product of all similarities along the L3. Furthermore, we propose the Max Similarity Multiplied Similarity (maxSMS) algorithm from the perspective of maximum impact. Our computational prediction results show that on six datasets, including S. cerevisiae, H. sapiens, and others, the maxSMS algorithm improves the precision of the top 500, area under the precision–recall curve, and normalized discounted cumulative gain by an average of 26.99%, 53.67%, and 6.7%, respectively, compared to other optimal methods.
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•A mixed similarity combining sequence and topological structure is introduced.•A link prediction algorithm based on complementarity and similarity is proposed.•The proposed method performs better than existing L3, Sim and other methods.
•Catalyst is consisted of anomalous spherical nanoparticles with a diameter of 30nm.•Novel catalyst exhibits narrow matching energy band and favourable light response.•The formation of methanol ...follows zero-order kinetics.
Co-doped MoS2 NPs (30nm in diameter) was prepared by hydrothermal method and used for photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2. Compared with MoS2, the novel catalyst Co-doped MoS2 NPs obtained the valence band and conduction band locating at 0.89V and −0.52V, which leaded to the high efficient photocatalytic reduction performance. In the aspects of electrocatalysis, resistance reduces by 85KΩ, the conductivity of the target material was enhanced greatly, the reduction overpotential for CO2 decreases from −0.82V to −0.64V, which lead to a large improvement on electrocatalytic activity finally. Thus, the Co-doped MoS2 NPs have both excellent photocatalytic performance and excellent electrocatalytic performance. The main CO2 reduction product is methanol, and the yield of which reaches 35mmolL−1 at 350min. The results have guiding significance for the photoelectric catalyst design, which also have theoretical significance for the photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2.
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