Exploring advanced strategies in alleviating the thermal runaway of lithium‐metal batteries (LMBs) is critically essential. Herein, a novel electrolyte system with thermoresponsive characteristics is ...designed to largely enhance the thermal safety of 1.0 Ah LMBs. Specifically, vinyl carbonate (VC) with azodiisobutyronitrile is introduced as a thermoresponsive solvent to boost the thermal stability of both the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and electrolyte. First, abundant poly(VC) is formed in SEI with thermoresponsive electrolyte, which is more thermally stable against lithium hexafluorophosphate compared to the inorganic components widely acquired in routine electrolyte. This increases the critical temperature for thermal safety (the beginning temperature of obvious self‐heating) from 71.5 to 137.4 °C. The remained VC solvents can be polymerized into poly(VC) as the battery temperature abnormally increases. The poly(VC) can not only afford as a barrier to prevent the direct contact between electrodes, but also immobilize the free liquid solvents, thereby reducing the exothermic reactions between electrodes and electrolytes. Consequently, the internal‐short‐circuit temperature and “ignition point” temperature (the starting temperature of thermal runaway) of LMBs are largely increased from 126.3 and 100.3 °C to 176.5 and 203.6 °C. This work provides novel insights for pursuing thermally stable LMBs with the addition of various thermoresponsive solvents in commercial electrolytes.
A thermoresponsive electrolyte is introduced into a working cell to relieve the exothermic reactions between electrodes and electrolytes, the internal short circuit. The critical temperature for thermal safety, “ignition point” of battery, and internal‐short‐circuit temperature of batteries with thermoresponsive electrolyte increase from 71.5, 100.3, and 126.3 °C to 137.4, 203.6, and 176.5 °C compared with routine electrolyte.
Anode‐free solid‐state lithium batteries are promising for next‐generation energy storage systems, especially the mobile sectors, due to their enhanced energy density, improved safety, and extended ...calendar life. However, the inefficiency of lithium plating and stripping leads to rapid capacity degradation due to the absence of excess lithium inventory. Therefore, dissecting the difficulties and challenges faced by anode‐free solid‐state lithium batteries can pave the way to improving the cycle life of many lithium batteries. In this review, the key issues affecting capacity degradation are elaborated step‐by‐step based on the current understanding of anode‐free solid‐state lithium batteries. Furthermore, various strategies for optimizing performance are targeted. Finally, future opportunities and possible directions for anode‐free solid‐state lithium batteries are evaluated, aiming to stimulate the exploration of this emerging field.
Anode‐free solid‐state lithium batteries are promising for achieving ultra‐high specific energy and high safety. The key scientific issues affecting the performance of anode‐free solid‐state lithium batteries are dissected and the optimization strategies are summarized, indicating the direction of development in this frontier hotspot.
Serious safety risks caused by the high reactivity of lithium metal against electrolytes severely hamper the practicability of lithium metal batteries. By introducing unique polymerization site and ...more fluoride substitution, we built an in situ formed polymer‐rich solid electrolyte interphase upon lithium anode to improve battery safety. The fluorine‐rich and hydrogen‐free polymer exhibits high thermal stability, which effectively reduces the continuous exothermic reaction between electrolyte and anode/cathode. As a result, the critical temperature for thermal safety of 1.0 Ah lithium‐LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 pouch cell can be increased from 143.2 °C to 174.2 °C. The more dangerous “ignition” point of lithium metal batteries, the starting temperature of battery thermal runaway, has been dramatically raised from 240.0 °C to 338.0 °C. This work affords novel strategies upon electrolyte design, aiming to pave the way for high‐energy‐density and thermally safe lithium metal batteries.
The high reactivity of lithium metal against electrolytes is tamed by introducing a polymer‐rich solid electrolyte interphase in situ on the lithium anode. The fluorine‐rich and hydrogen‐free polymer provides both high thermal and electrochemical stability, enhancing the safety and lifespan of lithium‐LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 pouch cells. The “ignition” temperature of the battery can be increased to 338.0 °C benefiting from excellent electrolyte design.
The present meta-analytic review aimed to synthesize the global prevalence characteristics of digital addiction in the general population. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO ...for studies reporting prevalence of various subtypes of digital addiction published before October 31, 2021. Studies were eligible if they were published in peer-reviewed journals, used a validated tool to assess digital addiction, and passed the qualify assessment. In total, 498 articles with 507 studies were included in systematic review, and the meta-analysis included 495 articles with 504 studies covering 2,123,762 individuals from 64 countries. Global pooled prevalence estimates were 26.99% (95% CI, 22.73–31.73) for smartphone addiction, 17.42% (95% CI, 12.42–23.89) for social media addiction, 14.22% (95% CI, 12.90–15.65) for Internet addiction, 8.23% (95% CI, 5.75–11.66) for cybersex addiction, and 6.04% (95% CI, 4.80–7.57) for game addiction. Higher prevalence of digital addiction was found in Eastern Mediterranean region and low/lower-middle income countries. Males had higher risk for Internet and game addiction. An increasing trend of digital addiction during the past two decades was found, which dramatically worsened during COVID-19 pandemic. This study provides the first and comprehensive estimation for the global prevalence of multiple subtypes of digital addiction, which varied between regions, economic levels, time periods of publication, genders, and assessment scales.
PROSPERO ID: CRD42020171117.
•1/4 general population could be affected by at least one subtype of digital addiction.•Prevalence differed among subtypes of digital addiction, with big geographical variation.•Low/lower-middle income countries had higher burden of digital addiction.•Males had higher prevalence of Internet addiction and game addiction than females.•Increasing trend of digital addiction was worsened by COVID-19 pandemic.
Statins are inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, and have been clinically used to treat cardiovascular disease. However, a paradoxical increase of ...reductase protein following statin treatment may attenuate the effect and increase the side effects. Here we present a previously unexplored strategy to alleviate statin-induced reductase accumulation by inducing its degradation. Inspired by the observations that cholesterol intermediates trigger reductase degradation, we identify a potent degrader, namely Cmpd 81, through structure-activity relationship analysis of sterol analogs. Cmpd 81 stimulates ubiquitination and degradation of reductase in an Insig-dependent manner, thus dramatically reducing protein accumulation induced by various statins. Cmpd 81 can act alone or synergistically with statin to lower cholesterol and reduce atherosclerotic plaques in mice. Collectively, our work suggests that inducing reductase degradation by Cmpd 81 or similar chemicals alone or in combination with statin therapy can be a promising strategy for treating cardiovascular disease.
The access to full performance of state‐of‐the‐art Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) is hindered by the mysterious lithium plating behavior. A rapid quantified lithium plating determination method compatible ...with actual working conditions is an urgent necessity for safe working LIBs. In this contribution, the relationship between electrical double layer (EDL) capacitance and electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) of graphite anodes during the Li‐ion intercalation and Li plating processes is unveiled. We propose an operando lithium plating determination method based on the dynamic capacitance measurement (DCM) test. Reasonable selection of alternating current (AC) frequency protects the anodic responses from the interference of cathodic responses, which allows DCM to be applied in practical LIBs. The onset of lithium plating can be quantitatively traced, demonstrating the promise for real‐time operando determination for lithium plating in a working battery.
An operando quantified detection method enabled by dynamic capacitance measurement (DCM) is proposed for working batteries without extra equipment and sensors. An upward trend of capacitance can be observed once the Li plating occurs, which determines the onset of Li plating.
All‐solid‐state lithium (Li) metal batteries (ASSLMBs) employing sulfide solid electrolytes have attracted increasing attention owing to superior safety and high energy density. However, the ...instability of sulfide electrolytes against Li metal induces the formation of two types of incompetent interphases, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and mixed conducting interphase (MCI), which significantly blocks rapid Li‐ion transport and induces uneven Li deposition and continuous interface degradation. In this contribution, a dynamically stable mixed conducting interphase (S‐MCI) is proposed by in situ stress self‐limiting reaction to achieve the compatibility of Li metal with composite sulfide electrolytes (Li6PS5Cl (LPSCl) and Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS)). The rational design of composite electrolytes utilizes the expansion stress induced by the electrolyte decomposition to in turn constrain the further decomposition of LGPS. Consequently, the S‐MCI inherits the high dynamical stability of LPSCl‐derived SEI and the lithiophilic affinity of Li–Ge alloy in LGPS‐derived MCI. The Li||Li symmetric cells with the protection of S‐MCI can operate stably for 1500 h at 0.5 mA cm−2 and 0.5 mAh cm−2. The Li||NCM622 full cells present stable cycling for 100 cycles at 0.1 C with a high‐capacity retention of 93.7%. This work sheds fresh insight into constructing electrochemically stable interphase for high‐performance ASSLMBs.
A dynamically stable mixed conducting interphase (S‐MCI) is proposed by a stress self‐limiting mechanism to achieve the compatibility of Li metal with composite sulfide electrolytes. The S‐MCI can efficiently reduce Li nucleation overpotential, uniformize Li‐ion flux and promote Li kinetics, leading to the suppression of Li dendrite penetration in all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries.
Chemokines play a key role in orchestrating the recruitment and positioning of myeloid cells within the tumor microenvironment. However, the tropism regulation and functions of these cells in ...hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are not completely understood. Herein, by scrutinizing the expression of all chemokines in HCC cell lines and tissues, we found that CCL15 was the most abundantly expressed chemokine in human HCC. Further analyses showed that CCL15 expression was regulated by genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental factors, and negatively correlated with patient clinical outcome. In addition to promoting tumor invasion in an autocrine manner, CCL15 specifically recruited CCR1+ cells toward HCC invasive margin, approximately 80% of which were CD14+ monocytes. Clinically, a high density of marginal CCR1+CD14+ monocytes positively correlated with CCL15 expression and was an independent index for dismal survival. Functionally, these tumor‐educated monocytes directly accelerated tumor invasion and metastasis through bursting various pro‐tumor factors and activating signal transducer and activator of transcription 1/3, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2, and v‐akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog signaling in HCC cells. Meanwhile, tumor‐derived CCR1+CD14+ monocytes expressed significantly higher levels of programmed cell death‐ligand 1, B7‐H3, and T‐cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain‐3 that may lead to immune suppression. Transcriptome sequencing confirmed that tumor‐infiltrating CCR1+CD14+ monocytes were reprogrammed to upregulate immune checkpoints, immune tolerogenic metabolic enzymes (indoleamine and arginase), inflammatory/pro‐angiogenic cytokines, matrix remodeling proteases, and inflammatory chemokines. Orthotopic animal models confirmed that CCL15‐CCR1 axis forested an inflammatory microenvironment enriched with CCR1+ monocytes and led to increased metastatic potential of HCC cells. Conclusion: A complex tumor‐promoting inflammatory microenvironment was shaped by CCL15‐CCR1 axis in human HCC. Blockade of CCL15‐CCR1 axis in HCC could be an effective anticancer therapy.
The stability of high-energy-density lithium metal batteries depends on the uniformity of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on lithium metal anodes. Rationally improving SEI uniformity is hindered ...by poorly understanding the effect of structure and components of SEI on its uniformity. Herein, a bilayer structure of SEI formed by isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) additives in localized high-concentration electrolytes was demonstrated to improve SEI uniformity. In the bilayer SEI, LiN
O
generated by ISDN occupies top layer and LiF dominates bottom layer next to anode. The uniformity of lithium deposition is remarkably improved with the bilayer SEI, mitigating the consumption rate of active lithium and electrolytes. The cycle life of lithium metal batteries with bilayer SEI is three times as that with common anion-derived SEI under practical conditions. A prototype lithium metal pouch cell of 430 Wh kg
undergoes 173 cycles. This work demonstrates the effect of a reasonable structure of SEI on reforming SEI uniformity.
Coordinated Volt-Var control methods have demonstrated their techno-economic feasibility in voltage regulation of photovoltaic (PV) rich distribution systems. However, fast fluctuating PV power and ...imperfect communication networks may significantly challenge the effectiveness of these methods. In this paper, a revised dynamic consensus algorithm is proposed to coordinate distributed inverters for Volt-Var control in real time. With this proposed method, Var saturation and overvoltage issues which tend to occur at downstream buses of PV rich distribution systems are significantly mitigated. To quantitatively analyse the algorithm performance in imperfect communication environments, the information delivery between agents is modelled by stochastic state transition processes among finite numbers of virtual nodes so as to quantitatively depict the random time delay and packet dropout in a discrete way. On this basis, the state transition process of the whole system is further depicted by a series of row- stochastic matrices, and the ergodic theory is used to analytically derive the algorithm tracking error in an imperfect communication environment. Our proposed method can also be extended to more complex applications, where both Var compensation and PV curtailment (or EV dispatch) are available for system voltage control. Simulation results verify the superiority of our method over traditional ones.
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