Despite China's substantial internal migration, long-standing rural-urban bifurcation has prompted many migrants to leave their children behind in rural areas. This study examined the consequences of ...out-migration for children 's education using longitudinal data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (N = 885). This study took into account the complex family migration strategies and distinguished various types of migration in China, including different forms of parental migration as well as sibling migration. The results showed that migration of siblings generates benefits for children ' s education, which is particularly pronounced for girls and children at middle-school levels. But parental migration has not given children left behind a significant advantage in educational prospects as their parents had hoped. Younger children seem to be especially susceptible to the disruptive effect of parental out-migration.
An extensive literature demonstrates various negative health consequences of family disruption in Western societies, which is largely due to marital dissolution. In developing settings, family ...disruption commonly arises in the context of labor out-migration. However, studies on household emigration often focus on the economic benefits from remittances, overlooking emigration as a source of stress and loss of social support. This research examines the psychosocial consequences of internal out-migration using longitudinal survey data collected in Indonesia between 1993 and 2007. Results demonstrate considerable psychosocial costs of out-migration, with adults left behind by migrants more susceptible to stress-related health impairments such as hypertension and to psychological distress such as depressive symptoms. These findings largely hold when specific relations are investigated, including spouses left behind and parents left behind by adult children. This study also finds some support for the stress-buffering role of social support from extended families and the differential psychosocial processes for men and women.
► Adults left behind in migrant-sending households in Indonesia are more vulnerable to psychosocial health disorders. ► This adverse effect can be buffered by social support from extended families. ► The psychosocial process related to emigration varies for men and women.
Previous studies on the impact of migration on health often face the difficulties of choosing the proper comparison group and addressing potential selection of migration. Using longitudinal data for ...1997 and 2000 from Indonesia, this paper examines the effect of rural-urban migration on physical and psychological health, by (1) comparing the health of migrants with that of the appropriate group of comparison, people who remained in rural origins, and (2) studying health both prior to and after migration to adjust for possible selection bias. The research further explores various socioeconomic, psychosocial, and behavioral pathways mediating the migration effect. Results show that rural-urban labor migration increased the risk of psychological disorder as measured by depressive symptoms. This was largely a result of reduced social support due to family disruption, because the deleterious effect was particularly strong for migrants who moved alone and was negligible for migrants moving with family members. In contrast, migration had little impact on physical health in the medium term. This was largely attributed to the multiple offsetting influences of migration: migration improved economic status and living standards but led to increased work-related stressors and barriers to health utilization. In addition, despite earning higher income, migrants tend to underconsume and remit a large amount of earnings to original families, which hindered potential health gains from improved economic well-being.
In this paper a nonlinear control method is proposed for the tracking control of hypersonic flight vehicles. The designed control laws do not utilize the measured flight path angle due to its ...inferior accuracy in practical engineering. For this, an estimated flight path angle is designed via the measurements of the altitude and velocity. A tracking differentiator is designed for constructing nonlinear disturbance observer which is used to estimate the model uncertainties including the parameter indeterminacies and external disturbances in the channels of velocity and pitch rate. A robust high-order differentiator is introduced to avoid the employment of the measured flight path angle and estimate the lumped disturbance in dynamics of flight path angle. Meanwhile, the possible saturation of the control inputs is considered and compensated by the auxiliary states. The boundness of closed-loop signals is proved through the Lyapunov theory. Comparative simulations are carried out and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
As one of the main forms and intermediate carriers of energy, it is impressive to expand the application scope of heat energy, thereby boosting innovations in heat harvesting, conversion, storage, ...regulation, and utilization associated with the relevant techniques. Phase change materials (PCMs), as a state‐of‐the‐art latent heat storage technique, have garnered increasing interest in heat‐related applications over the past decades, and abundant high‐performance PCMs with excellent shape stability and salient thermal conductivity have been developed. This review focuses on the issues concerning organic PCMs from the perspectives of flexible, multifunctional, and smart phase change composites, along with emerging applications and processing technologies, which are expected to offer possible guidance for the exploration of next‐generation advanced functional phase change composites.
Next‐generation advanced functional phase change composites are analyzed from the perspectives of myriad phase change materials, promising applications, and mass‐manufactured processing technologies to boost their rapid implementation.
The existing literature has often underscored the “healthy migrant” effect and the “salmon bias” in understanding the health of migrants. Nevertheless, direct evidence for these two hypotheses, ...particularly the “salmon bias,” is limited. Using data from a national longitudinal survey conducted between 2003 and 2007 in China, we provide tests of these hypotheses in the case of internal migration in China. To examine the healthy migrant effect, we study how pre-migration self-reported health is associated with an individual's decision to migrate and the distance of migration. To test the salmon bias hypothesis, we compare the self-reported health of migrants who stay in destinations and who return or move closer to home villages. The results provide support for both hypotheses. Specifically, healthier individuals are more likely to migrate and to move further away from home. Among migrants, those with poorer health are more likely to return or to move closer to their origin communities.
•We use panel data to study the healthy migrant and salmon bias hypotheses.•We find support for both hypotheses in the China internal migration setting.•Healthier people are more likely to migrate and to move further away from home.•Migrants with poorer health are more likely to return or to move closer to home.
Modeling the brightness of satellites in large Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations can not only assist the astronomical community in assessing the impact of reflected light from satellites, ...optimizing observing schedules and guiding data processing, but also motivate satellite operators to improve their satellite designs, thus facilitating cooperation and consensus among different stakeholders. This work presents a photometric model of the Starlink satellites based on the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) using millions of photometric observations. To enhance model accuracy and computational efficiency, data filtering and reduction are employed, and chassis blocking on the solar array and the earthshine effect are taken into account. The assumptions of the model are also validated by showing that the satellite attitude is as expected, the solar array is nearly perpendicular to the chassis, and both the solar array pseudo-specular reflection and the chassis earthshine should be included in the model. The reflectance characteristics of the satellites and the apparent magnitude distributions over station are finally discussed based on the photometric predictions from the model. In addition to assessing the light pollution and guiding the development of response measures, accurate photometric models of satellites can also play an important role in areas such as space situational awareness.
Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into education, particularly civic education, represents a transformative shift. This study explores the innovative fusion of AI with teaching methodologies, ...aiming to enhance educational outcomes and foster comprehensive student development. We construct a multidimensional civic education framework by employing theoretical and empirical approaches, examining the dynamics between educators, students, content, and pedagogical strategies. We assess student academic performance and behavior by utilizing the Multi-Task Classroom Behavior Recognition Network (MCBRN) and multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). Our findings reveal that the AI-enhanced teaching model significantly boosts student engagement and learning achievements in the experimental group, with behavior recognition accuracy reaching 96.9%. Moreover, these students demonstrated superior examination scores and overall competency levels compared to the control group (P<0.05), highlighting the effectiveness of this novel approach in elevating the quality of civic education through personalized and efficient learning experiences.
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