Climate change and natural hazards pose great threats to road transport systems which are 'lifelines' of human society. However, there is generally a lack of empirical data and approaches for ...assessing resilience of road networks in real hazard events. This study introduces an empirical approach to evaluate road network resilience using crowdsourced traffic data in Google Maps. Based on the conceptualization of resilience and the Hansen accessibility index, resilience of road network is measured from accumulated accessibility reduction over time during a hazard. The utility of this approach is demonstrated in a case study of the Cleveland metropolitan area (Ohio) in Winter Storm Harper. The results reveal strong spatial variations of the disturbance and recovery rate of road network performance during the hazard. The major findings of the case study are: (1) longer distance travels have higher increasing ratios of travel time during the hazard; (2) communities with low accessibility at the normal condition have lower road network resilience; (3) spatial clusters of low resilience are identified, including communities with low socio-economic capacities. The introduced approach provides ground-truth validation for existing quantitative models and supports disaster management and transportation planning to reduce hazard impacts on road network.
Fabricating solar cells with tandem structure is an efficient way to broaden the photon response range without further increasing the thermalization loss in the system. In this work, a tandem organic ...solar cell (TOSC) based on highly efficient nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) with series connection type is demonstrated. To meet the different demands of front and rear sub‐cells, two NFAs named F‐M and NOBDT with a whole absorption range from 300 to 900 nm are designed, when blended with wide bandgap polymer poly(2,6‐(4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)‐benzo1,2‐b:4,5‐b′dithiophene))‐alt‐(5,5‐(1′,3′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐5′,7′‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)benzo1′,2′‐c:4′,5′‐c′dithiophene‐4,8‐dione)) (PBDB‐T) and narrow bandgap polymer PTB7‐Th, respectively, the PBDB‐T: F‐M system exhibits a high Voc of 0.98 V and the PTB7‐Th: NOBDT system shows a remarkable Jsc of 19.16 mA cm−2, which demonstrate their potential in the TOSCs. With the guidance of optical simulation, by systematically optimizing the thickness of each layer in the TOSC, an outstanding power conversion efficiency of 14.11%, with a Voc of 1.71 V, a Jsc of 11.72 mA cm−2, and a satisfactory fill factor of 0.70 is achieved; this result is one of the top efficiencies reported to date in the field of organic solar cells.
A non‐fullerene tandem organic solar cell (OSC) with high efficiency is fabricated. Two non‐fullerene acceptors named F‐M and NOBDT with a whole absorption range from 300–900 nm are designed for the front and rear sub‐cell respectively; the tandem cell based on them demonstrates an outstanding PCE of 14.11%, which is among the top PCEs in the field of OSCs.
Quantitative assessment of community resilience is a challenge due to the lack of empirical data about human dynamics in disasters. To fill the data gap, this study explores the utility of nighttime ...lights (NTL) remote sensing images in assessing community recovery and resilience in natural disasters. Specifically, this study utilized the newly-released NASA moonlight-adjusted SNPP-VIIRS daily images to analyze spatiotemporal changes of NTL radiance in Hurricane Sandy (2012). Based on the conceptual framework of recovery trajectory, NTL disturbance and recovery during the hurricane were calculated at different spatial units and analyzed using spatial analysis tools. Regression analysis was applied to explore relations between the observed NTL changes and explanatory variables, such as wind speed, housing damage, land cover, and Twitter keywords. The result indicates potential factors of NTL changes and urban-rural disparities of disaster impacts and recovery. This study shows that NTL remote sensing images are a low-cost instrument to collect near-real-time, large-scale, and high-resolution human dynamics data in disasters, which provide a novel insight into community recovery and resilience. The uncovered spatial disparities of community recovery help improve disaster awareness and preparation of local communities and promote resilience against future disasters. The systematical documentation of the analysis workflow provides a reference for future research in the application of SNPP-VIIRS daily images.
Cs2AgBiBr6 high purity polycrystalline powders are synthesized by solution method. The millimeter‐sized Cs2AgBiBr6 crystals are obtained by cooling method with hydrobromic acid as solvent. Powder ...X‐Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the crystal is of cubic structure and its lattice constant is a=b=c=11.2562 Å. Optical absorption property is tested by ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐Vis) spectrophotometer. The results show that the absorption edge of the Cs2AgBiBr6 crystal is at about 593 nm and the band gap value is 2.12 eV. In addition, the thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) curves of Cs2AgBiBr6 crystal at 20–800 °C are measured. The thermal decomposition mechanism of Cs2AgBiBr6 crystal is analyzed. The results show that Cs2AgBiBr6 crystal with high quality can be prepared by solution method, and it has potential application advantages in the field of photoelectric devices.
Millimeter‐sized Cs2AgBiBr6 crystals with high crystalline quality were grown using solution cooling method. Lattice parameters of the cubic crystal were estimated to be a=b=c=11.2562 Å. It shows a band gap of 2.12 eV, and begins to thermal decompose as the temperature increases to 400 °C, indicating the potential application for photoelectric devices.
Two new nonfullerene small molecule acceptors (NF‐SMAs) AT‐NC and AT‐4Cl based on heptacyclic anthracene(cyclopentadithiophene) (AT) core and different electron‐withdrawing end groups are designed ...and synthesized. Although the two new acceptor molecules use two different end groups, naphthyl‐fused indanone (NINCN) and chlorinated INCN (INCN‐2Cl) demonstrate similar light absorption. AT‐4Cl with chlorinated INCN as end groups are shifted significantly due to the strong electron‐withdrawing ability of chlorine atoms. Thus, desirable Voc and photovoltaic performance are expected to be achieved when polymer PBDB‐T is used as the electron donor with AT‐NC as the acceptor, and fluorinated analog PBDB‐TF with down‐shifted energy levels is selected to blend with AT‐4Cl. Consequently, the device based on PBDB‐TF:AT‐4Cl yields a high power conversion efficiency of 13.27% with a slightly lower Voc of 0.901 V, significantly enhanced Jsc of 19.52 mA cm−2 and fill factor of 75.5% relative to the values based on PBDB‐T:AT‐NC. These results demonstrate that the use of a new electron‐rich AT core, together with energy levels modulations by end‐group optimizations enabling the match with polymer donors, is a successful strategy to construct high‐performance NF‐SMAs.
By using the new electron‐rich heptacyclic anthracene(cyclopentadithiophene) (AT) core, together with energy level modulations by end‐group optimizations enabling the match with polymer donors, two new nonfullerene small molecule acceptors AT‐NC and AT‐4Cl are synthesized. With both halogenated donor and acceptor, the organic photovoltaics device based on AT‐4Cl achieves a high power conversion efficiency of 13.27% with simultaneously improved J
sc and fill factor.
The characteristics of non-Gaussian clutter in radar systems are different from standard waveforms. To fully filter to achieve the accuracy of radar detection, the paper developed a radar simulation ...system based on virtual reality technology. The article uses a non-Gaussian mathematical model to simulate and collect the clutter generated by the system and realise the generation of data sequence according to the power spectrum. The research results show that the radar cross-section modelling, target recognition, anti-recognition and data fusion technology of visible targets can all be well applied in this system.
A new small‐molecule acceptor ...(2,9‐bis(2‐methylene‐(3(1,1‐dicyanomethylene)benzfindanone))7,12‐dihydro‐(4,4,10,10‐tetrakis(4‐hexylphenyl)‐5,11‐diocthylthieno3′,2′:4,5cyclopenta1,2‐bthieno2″,3″:3′,4′cyclopenta1′,2′:4,5thieno2,3‐f1benzothiophene) (NNBDT) based on naphthyl‐fused indanone ending units is reported. This molecule shows a narrow optical bandgap of 1.43 eV and effective absorption in the range of 700–870 nm. The devices based on poly(2,6‐(4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)‐benzo1,2‐b:4,5‐b′dithiophene))‐alt‐(5,5‐(1′,3′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐5′,7′‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)benzo1′,2′‐c:4′,5′‐c′dithiophene‐4,8‐dione)) (PBDB‐T):NNBDT yield a power conversion efficiency of 11.7% with a low energy loss of 0.55 eV and a high fill factor (FF) of 71.7%. Another acceptor (2,9‐bis(2‐methylene‐(3(1,1‐dicyanomethylene)benzfindanone))7,12‐dihydro‐4,4,7,7,12,12‐hexaoctyl‐4H‐cyclopenta2″,1″:5,6;3″,4″:5′,6′diindeno1,2‐b:1′,2′‐b′dithiophene (FDNCTF) is introduced as the third component to fabricate ternary devices. The two acceptors (NNBDT and FDNCTF) possess complementary absorption, same molecular orientation, and well‐miscible behavior. It is found that there exists a nonradiative energy transfer process from FDNCTF to NNBDT. The fullerene‐free ternary cells based on PBDB‐T:NNBDT:FDNCTF achieve a high efficiency of 12.8% with an improved short circuit current near 20 mA cm−2 in contrast to the binary devices. The result represents the best performance for fullerene‐free ternary solar cells reported to date and highlights the potential of ternary solar cells.
A new acceptor–donor–acceptor type nonfullerene acceptor NNBDT using (2‐3‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐cyclopentabnaphthalen‐1‐ylidene)malononitrile ending unit is reported. Binary devices based on PBDB‐T:NNBDT give a PCE of 11.7%. Furthermore, the ternary cells using NNBDT and FDNCTF acceptors achieve a performance of 12.8% with energy loss below 0.60 eV, which represents the highest result for fullerene‐free ternary cells reported to date.
Smoking is a leading cause of premature death globally. Quitting smoking reduces the risk of all-cause mortality by 11%-34%. Smartphone app-based smoking cessation (SASC) interventions have been ...developed and are widely used. However, the evidence for the effectiveness of smartphone-based interventions for smoking cessation is currently equivocal.
The purpose of this study was to synthesize the evidence for the effectiveness of smartphone app-based interventions for smoking cessation.
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of smartphone interventions for smoking cessation based on the Cochrane methodology. An electronic literature search was performed using the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang databases to identify published papers in English or Chinese (there was no time limit regarding the publication date). The outcome was the smoking abstinence rate, which was either a 7-day point prevalence abstinence rate or a continuous abstinence rate.
A total of 9 randomized controlled trials involving 12,967 adults were selected for the final analysis. The selected studies from 6 countries (the United States, Spain, France, Switzerland, Canada, and Japan) were included in the meta-analysis between 2018 and 2022. Pooled effect sizes (across all follow-up time points) revealed no difference between the smartphone app group and the comparators (standard care, SMS text messaging intervention, web-based intervention, smoking cessation counseling, or apps as placebos without real function; odds ratio OR 1.25, 95% CI 0.99-1.56, P=.06, I
=73.6%). Based on the subanalyses, 6 trials comparing smartphone app interventions to comparator interventions reported no significant differences in effectiveness (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.85-1.26, P=.74, I
=57.1%). However, the 3 trials that evaluated the combination of smartphone interventions combined with pharmacotherapy compared to pharmacotherapy alone found higher smoking abstinence rates in the combined intervention (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.38-2.33, P=.74, I
=7.4%). All SASC interventions with higher levels of adherence were significantly more effective (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.20-1.84, P<.001, I
=24.5%).
This systematic review and meta-analysis did not support the effectiveness of delivering smartphone-based interventions alone to achieve higher smoking abstinence rates. However, the efficacy of smartphone-based interventions increased when combined with pharmacotherapy-based smoking cessation approaches.
PROSPERO CRD42021267615; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=267615.
Abstract
Bone, cartilage, and soft tissue regeneration is a complex spatiotemporal process recruiting a variety of cell types, whose activity and interplay must be precisely mediated for effective ...healing post-injury. Although extensive strides have been made in the understanding of the immune microenvironment processes governing bone, cartilage, and soft tissue regeneration, effective clinical translation of these mechanisms remains a challenge. Regulation of the immune microenvironment is increasingly becoming a favorable target for bone, cartilage, and soft tissue regeneration; therefore, an in-depth understanding of the communication between immune cells and functional tissue cells would be valuable. Herein, we review the regulatory role of the immune microenvironment in the promotion and maintenance of stem cell states in the context of bone, cartilage, and soft tissue repair and regeneration. We discuss the roles of various immune cell subsets in bone, cartilage, and soft tissue repair and regeneration processes and introduce novel strategies, for example, biomaterial-targeting of immune cell activity, aimed at regulating healing. Understanding the mechanisms of the crosstalk between the immune microenvironment and regeneration pathways may shed light on new therapeutic opportunities for enhancing bone, cartilage, and soft tissue regeneration through regulation of the immune microenvironment.
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