A new monomer (DTAT) was synthesized via linking 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) on anthracene. The polymer, P(DTAT) was electrosynthesized by anodic oxidation of the corresponding monomer in 0.1
M ...LiClO
4 acetonitrile (ACN) solution. The optical properties, the absorption spectra and the kinetics, were examined. Spectroelectrochemical analysis showed that P(DTAT) has an electronic band gap (due to π–π* transition) of 1.57
eV at 776
nm.
Copolymers of DTAT with EDOT were prepared in ACN/LiClO
4 (0.1
M) solvent–electrolyte couple by varying applied potential. The incorporation of an EDOT into the full conjugated backbone, DTAT, affects its optical behavior resulting in different colors; a claret red neutral state, gray and red intermediate states and a blue oxidized state.
Many factors could affect the supraspinatus (SSP) muscle after tendon rupture. We aimed to determine how infraspinatus and subscapularis tendon problems affect supraspinatus muscle atrophy associated ...with tears, in a retrospective cohort study conducted in a tertiary-level centre.
Fifty-eight patients with a full-thickness SSP tendon tear who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. They were evaluated for tear retraction, fatty degeneration, and other rotator cuff tendon pathologies. Supraspinatus muscle was assessed using the Goutallier classification, and its average area was also measured. Accompanying lesions of the subscapularis and infraspinatus tendons and degree of supraspinatus muscle atrophy were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging.
Our results showed that supraspinatus tendon tears ranged between 3mm and 41mm, and the estimated average cross-sectional area of the SSP muscle was 247.6mm
. Any degree of infraspinatus tendon pathology, ranging from tendinosis to full-thickness tears, was significantly correlated with the SSP muscle area (P < 0.05). The subscapularis tendon pathologies did not show a similar correlation. The interobserver and intraobserver reliabilities of the measurements were graded as excellent.
Impairment of any of the rotator cuff muscles may affect the other muscles inversely. Our study showed that all infraspinatus tendon pathologies and partial subscapularis tears affect and alter the SSP muscle belly. We suggest early intervention for supraspinatus tears to avoid further fatty degeneration, as muscle atrophy and fatty degeneration progress in combination with the accompanying lesions.
A.Kadir Yildirim and other scholars have used the term "Muslim Democrat" to describe moderate Islamist political parties, suggesting a parallel with Christian Democratic parties in Europe. These ...parties (MDPs) are marked by their adherence to a secular political regime, normative commitment to the rules of a democratic political system, and the democratic political representation of a religious identity. In this book, Yildirim draws on extensive field research in Turkey, Egypt, and Morocco to examine this phenomenon and assess the interaction of economic and political factors in the development of MDPs. Distinguishing between "competitive economic liberalization" and "crony liberalization," he argues that MDPs are more likely to emerge and succeed in the context of the former. He summarizes that the broader implication is that the economic liberalization models adopted by governments in the region in the wake of the Arab Spring have significant implications for the future direction of party systems and democratic reform.
The antioxidant activities, reducing powers, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities, amount of total phenolic compounds, and antimicrobial activities of ether, ethanol, and hot ...water extracts of the leaves and seeds of Rumex crispus L. were studied. The antioxidant activities of extracts increase with increasing amount of extracts (50−150 μg). However, the water extracts of both the leaves and seeds have shown the highest antioxidant activities. Thus, addition of 75 μg of each of the above extracts to the linoleic acid emulsion caused the inhibition of peroxide formation by 96 and 94%, respectively. Although the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of seed was lower than the water extract, the difference between these was not statistically significant, P > 0.05. Unlike the other extracts, 75 μg of the ether extract of seeds was unable to show statistically significant antioxidant activity, P > 0.05 (between this extract and control in that there is no extract in the test sample). Among all of the extracts, the highest amount of total phenolic compound was found in the ethanol extract of seeds, whereas the lowest amount was found in the ether extract of seeds. Like phenolic compounds, the highest reducing power and the highest DPPH scavenging activity were found in the ethanol extract of seeds. However, the reducing activity of the ethanol extract of seeds was ∼40% that of ascorbic acid, whereas in the presence of 400 μg of water and ethanol extracts of seeds scavenging activities were about 85 and 90%, respectively. There were statistically significant correlations between amount of phenolic compounds and reducing power and between amount of phenolic compounds and percent DPPH scavenging activities (r = 0.99, P < 0.01, and r = 0.864, P < 0.05, respectively) and also between reducing powers and percent DPPH scavenging activities (r = 0.892, P < 0.05). The ether extracts of both the leaves and seeds and ethanol extract of leaves had shown antimicrobial activities on Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. However, none of the water extracts showed antimicrobial activity on the studied microorganisms. Keywords: Antioxidant activity; reducing power; antimicrobial activity; Rumex crispus L.; DPPH scavenging
This study analyzes the effects of fluid resuscitation in the crush victims of the Bingol earthquake, which occurred in May 2003 in southeastern Turkey. Questionnaires asking about demographic, ...clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic features of 16 crush victims were filled in retrospectively. Mean duration under the rubble was 10.3 +/- 7 h, and all patients had severe rhabdomyolysis. Fourteen patients were receiving isotonic saline at admission, which was followed by mannitol-alkaline fluid resuscitation. All but two patients were polyuric. Admission serum creatinine level was lower than and higher than 1.5 mg/dl in 11 and 5 patients, respectively. Marked elevations were noted in muscle enzymes in all patients. During the clinical course, hypokalemia was observed in nine patients, all of whom needed energetic potassium chloride replacement. Four (25%) of 16 victims required hemodialysis. Duration between rescue and initiation of fluids was significantly longer in the dialyzed victims as compared with nondialyzed ones (9.3 +/- 1.7 versus 3.7 +/- 3.3 h, P < 0.03). Sixteen fasciotomies were performed in 11 patients (68%), nine of which were complicated by wound infections. All patients survived and were discharged from the hospital with good renal function. Early and vigorous fluid resuscitation followed by mannitol-alkaline diuresis prevents acute renal failure in crush victims, resulting in a more favorable outcome.
The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of vitamin A, C, and E on aflatoxin B
1
-induced in human lymphocytes using biochemical approaches. The control group received ...dimethyl sulfoxide, the second group of cultures were administered aflatoxin B
1
(AFB
1
) at a dose of 5 μM. The other group of cultures were treated with AFB
1
+vitamin A (0.5 and 1.0 and 1.5 μM) and AFB
1
+vitamin C (25, 50, and 100 μM) and AFB
1
+vitamin E (40, 100, and 200 μM). The results of this experiment show that AFB
1
significantly decreased the level of GSH and the activities of superoxide dismutase and GPx and increased level of malondialdehyde. Simultaneous supplementation with vitamin A, C, and E restored these parameters to that of normal range. In conclusion, vitamin A, C, and E exhibited protective effects in human lymphocytes by inhibiting AFB
1
-induced ROS generation.
We aimed at demonstrating the effect of thyroid function status on proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and determining the effect of thyroid hormones on lipid metabolism by ...comparing the PCSK9 levels of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism.
124 patients with thyroid disorders, aged between 18 and 65 years, were included in this study. The participants were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 comprised 52 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism, Group 2 comprised 40 patients with overt hypothyroidism, and Group 3 comprised 32 patients with hyperthyroidism. In all of these groups, the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, total cholesterol, fasting serum glucose, antithyroid peroxidase antibody, antithyroglobulin antibody, and PCSK9 levels were measured.
No significant difference was found between the 3 groups in terms of age, gender, and body mass indices. Median PCSK9 measurements were 14.55 ng/mL in Group 1, 14.895 ng/mL in Group 2, and 9.775 ng/mL in Group 3. There was a significant difference in the PCSK9 levels between Group 1-Group 3 and Group 2-Group 3 (p <0.0001 and p <0.0001, respectively). A positive correlation between PCSK9 and the TSH levels (r = 0.211, p= 0.019), and a negative correlation (r = -0,239, p = 0.009 and r = -, 0.218, p = 0.015) between the fT3 and fT4 levels were found.
The serum PCSK9 levels were shown to be associated with thyroid dysfunction. However, no relationship was observed between the serum PCSK9 level and thyroid autoantibody positivity, and obesity in this study.
An imbalance between neutrophil-derived proteases and extracellular inhibitors is widely regarded as an important pathogenic mechanism for lung injury. Despite intense efforts over the last three ...decades, attempts to develop small-molecule inhibitors for neutrophil elastase have failed in the clinic. Here we discover an intrinsic self-cleaving property of mouse neutrophil elastase that interferes with the action of elastase inhibitors. We show that conversion of the single-chain (sc) into a two-chain (tc) neutrophil elastase by self-cleavage near its S1 pocket altered substrate activity and impaired both inhibition by endogenous α-1-antitrypsin and synthetic small molecules. Our data indicate that autoconversion of neutrophil elastase decreases the inhibitory efficacy of natural α-1-antitrypsin and small-molecule inhibitors, while retaining its pathological potential in an experimental mouse model. The so-far overlooked occurrence and properties of a naturally occurring tc-form of neutrophil elastase necessitates the redesign of small-molecule inhibitors that target the sc-form as well as the tc-form of neutrophil elastase.
Preoperative Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) becomes widespread. We aimed to validate the diagnostic performance of VI-RADS in differentiating muscle-invasive (MIBC) from ...non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) in a real-world setting.
Between December 2019 and February 2022 suspected primary bladder cancer patients were reviewed. Those with proper multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) protocol for VI-RADS before any invasive treatment were included. Patients were locally staged according to transurethral resection, second resection, or radical cystectomy as the reference standard. Two experienced genitourinary radiologists who were blinded to clinical and histopathological data evaluated the mpMRI images independently and retrospectively. The diagnostic performance of both radiologists and the interreader agreement were analyzed.
Among 96 patients, 20 (20.8%) had MIBC, and 76 (79.2%) had NMIBC. Both radiologists had great diagnostic performance in diagnosing MIBC. The first radiologist had an area under curve (AUC) of 0.83 and 0.84, the sensitivity of 85% and 80%, and the specificity of 80.3% and 88.2% for VI-RADS ≥3 and ≥4, respectively. The second radiologist had an area under curve (AUC) of 0.79 and 0.77, the sensitivity of 85% and 65%, and the specificity of 73.7% and 89.5% for VI-RADS ≥3 and ≥4, respectively. The overall VI-RADS score agreement between the two radiologists was moderate (κ = 0.45).
VI-RADS is diagnostically powerful in differentiating MIBC from NMBIC prior to transurethral resection. The agreement between radiologists is moderate.
Recientemente se ha generalizado el uso del sistema Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data (VI-RADS). Nos propusimos validar el rendimiento diagnóstico del VI-RADS para diferenciar el cáncer vesical músculo-invasor (CVMI) del cáncer vesical no músculo-invasor (CVNMI) en un contexto de práctica clínica real.
Entre diciembre de 2019 y febrero de 2022 se revisaron los pacientes con sospecha de cáncer vesical primario. Se incluyeron los pacientes con un protocolo de RM multiparamétrica (RMmp) adecuado para VI-RADS antes de cualquier tratamiento invasivo. La estadificación local de los pacientes se realizó mediante resección transuretral, segunda resección o cistectomía radical como tratamiento de referencia. Dos expertos en radiología genitourinaria cegados a los datos clínicos e histopatológicos evaluaron las imágenes de RMmp de forma independiente y retrospectiva. Se analizó el rendimiento diagnóstico de ambos radiólogos y la concordancia entre lectores.
De los 96 pacientes, 20 (20,8%) tenían CVMI y 76 (79,2%) tenían CVNMI. La exactitud diagnostica del CVMI fue alta para los dos radiólogos. El primer radiólogo tenía un área bajo la curva (ABC) de 0,83 y 0,84, una sensibilidad de 85% y 80% y una especificidad de 80,3% y 88,2% para VI-RADS ≥3 y ≥4, respectivamente. El segundo radiólogo tenía un área bajo la curva (ABC) de 0,79 y 0,77, una sensibilidad del 85 % y el 65 % y una especificidad del 73,7 % y el 89,5 % para VI-RADS ≥3 y ≥4, respectivamente. La concordancia de la puntuación VI-RADS global entre los dos radiólogos fue moderada (κ = 0,45).
El sistema VI-RADS tiene un alto poder diagnóstico para diferenciar el CVMI de CVNMI antes de la resección transuretral. La concordancia entre los radiólogos es moderada.
The level of collaboration amongst nurses in Turkey Durmuş, S.Ç.; Ekici, D.; Yildirim, A.
International nursing review,
September 2018, 2018-Sep, 2018-09-00, 20180901, Letnik:
65, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Aim
This study was conducted to determine the level of collaboration amongst nurses in Turkey.
Background
Collaboration amongst nurses is thought to increase nurse–physician collaboration and ...decrease medical mistakes. It has been connected with positive patient outcomes and increased job satisfaction for nurses. There are some studies on nurse–physician collaboration in Turkey, but nurse–nurse collaboration has not been measured before in this context. There are limited studies in the literature on nurse–nurse collaboration.
Methods
The sample of this study consisted of 859 nurses who work at one public hospital, one university hospital and four private hospitals in Turkey. The study was designed as descriptive and cross‐sectional research. The data were collected using the nurse–nurse collaboration scale and a socio‐demographic questionnaire. The nurse–nurse collaboration scale comprises five subdimensions: problem‐solving, shared process, communication, coordination and professionalism. The cut‐off value of the scale for minimum expected collaboration degree was determined as 2.5.
Results
It was found that the total nurse–nurse collaboration level in the sample was 3.09, which is above minimum expected degree of collaboration (2.5). In regard to the subdimensions of the scale, the lowest mean score (2.97) was for problem‐solving and the highest (3.20) was for professionalism. Graduate nurses’ problem‐solving, coordination, professionalism and cooperation skills were found to be higher than those of undergraduate nurses. Nurses employed under continuous employment contracts presented higher collaboration scores than those employed with annual, temporary contracts.
Conclusions
Regarding the results obtained in the study, although the Turkish nurses were collaborating at the minimum expected level, they can collaborate more. Improved collaboration between nurses will increase patient satisfaction and thus will have a favourable impact on patient safety.
Implications for nursing policy and health policy
Nurses who have a bachelor's or higher level degree should be hired, and nurses should be provided with job security in the form of a continuous employment contract to enhance nurse–nurse collaboration.
PDF
