Three donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) type monomers (ThQ-Ph, ThQ-PhOMe and ThQ-Th) based on thiophene substituted quinoxaline derivates were synthesized and further electropolymerized for electrochromic ...and supercapacitor applications. The present redox-active monomers were electrodeposited on the ITO electrodes robustly from their solution through the oxidative coupling reactions between thiophene radical cations. The obtained conjugated polymers (PThQ-Ph, PThQ-PhOMe and PThQ-Th) exhibited tunable and multicolor electrochromism among the visible and near infrared region with good performances. Particularly, a high optical contrast (over 80%) was achieved around 1600 nm, with short response time (less than 1.5 s) and high coloration efficiency (over 300 cm2 C-1). Moreover, quasi-solid state electrochromic devices based on the present polymers employing gel-type electrolyte were fabricated, and exhibited specific capacitance of 0.81 ∼ 1.58 mF cm-2 at the current density of 0.01 mA cm-2, which guaranteed their potential applications in energy saving smart windows.
e reported the electropolymerization of three redox active D-A-D type monomers and their applications for electrochromic devices and supercapacitors Display omitted
•Three D-A type polymers were prepared by electrochemical polymerization.•These polymers exhibited electrochromic and supercapacitor performance.•These polymers showed multicolor electrochromism with good coloration efficiency.
In this study, three novel donor-acceptor type monomers based on EDOT (3,4-ethoxylene dioxy thiophene) and quinoxaline derivates were designed and synthesized through Stille coupling reaction, and ...further polymerized by electrochemical polymerization for electrochromic application. Specially, a quinoxaline-based acceptor with bulky and rigid camphor group was introduced into the polyEDOT backbone, which was demonstrated to be effective for the improvement of electrochromic performance. The corresponding redox active polymers PCQ-EDOT and PCQ-DEDOT performed transparent oxidation states and robust switching stability. Polymer PCQ-EDOT showed superior electrochromic performances with high optical contrast (over 50%) at 647 nm, short switching time (around 0.5 s) and high coloration efficiency (427 cm2 C−1) under a low applied potential of 0.7 V.
We reported the electropolymerization of D-A type EDOT-based monomers consisting of camphor substituted quinoxaline unit for electrochromism with enhanced performance. Display omitted
•Three new D-A type polymers based on EDOT were prepared for electrochromics.•A camphor substituted quinoxaline unit was introduced into D-A type polymers.•PCQ-EDOT showed fast blue-to-colorless switching with high coloration efficiency.
In this work, a well-known hole conductor spiro-OMeTAD was introduced into viologen-based all-in-one electrochromic devices (ECDs) as anode material, which exhibited panchromatic switching between ...colorless and truly black with efficient performance, involving fast response speed (around 0.5 s for both coloring and bleaching processes), high optical contrast (over 90% throughout the whole visible region), and high coloration efficiency (450.26 cm2 C−1 at 514 nm, 248.31 cm2 C−1 at 607 nm and 315.51 cm2 C−1 at 888 nm). Highly stability was achieved with less than 10% decay in optical contrast after 10000 cycles switching at 514 nm and 607 nm. Moreover, ECDs based on spiro-OMeTAD/HV had a wide working temperature window, and operated efficiently under both low-temperature below −40 °C and high-temperature up to 60 °C. Most importantly, the suppression of the interfacial molecular aggregation and degradation on anode electrode in viologen-based all-in-one electrochromic devices was demonstrated to be crucial for long-term switching stability for the first time.
•spiro-OMeTAD was introduced into panchromatic all-in-one ECDs toward enhanced performance.•The present ECDs showed high optical contrast, fast switch and long cycle stability.•Anode interfacial molecular aggregation and degradation in all-in-one ECDs was reported for the first time.
•Four π-extended viologens were developed for electrochromic applications.•ECDs based on π-extended viologens showed fast switching and high optical contrast.•ECDs based on HBOV exhibited a high ...coloration efficiency over 330 cm2/C.
In this work, four novel π-extended viologens have been developed by introducing quinoxaline-based units for electrochromism. The optical and electrochemical properties of these four π-extended viologens were investigated, which were dependent on the substituentes on their π-conjugated bridges. All-in-one electrochromic devices were prepared by using each π-extended viologen as cathode material and ferrocene as anode material, respectively. All these four devices exhibited efficient electrochromic performance involving high optical contrast over 80%, and short switching time around 1 s, as well as good coloration efficiency. Among them, device based on HBOV showed a high optical contrast of 82% at 582 nm with bleaching time and coloring time of 0.84 s and 0.68 s, respectively, and a coloration efficiency of 334 cm2/C. Moreover, the color of these new type viologens in both bleaching and coloring states can be tuned by varying the substituents on quinoxaline units.
We reported an electrochromic energy storage device based on a hydrogel electrolyte derived from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose modified polyacrylamine.
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•A new hydrogel electrolyte ...based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose modified polyacrylamine was developed.•The electrochromic energy storage device based on the present hydrogel electrolyte showed efficient performance.•A LED can be lighted on by the present electrochemical device.
The electrolyte play a crucial role for the efficient operation of electrochemical devices. In this work, we developed a new hydrogel electrolyte based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose modified polyacrylamine framework for electrochromic energy storage devices. By using the present electrolyte, the sandwich electrochemical devices based on complementary electrodes of prussian blue (PB) and tungsten trioxide (WO3) thin films exhibited reversible electrochromic switch between colorless and dark blue, with large optical contrast over 80 %, short response time below 2 s, high coloration efficiency over 168 cm2/C, and good cycle stability. Moreover, the devices showed good energy storage ability with an area capacitance of 6.32 mAh/m2 at a current density of 0.02 mA/cm2. The dual functional electrochemical devices showed potential application in energy saving smart windows.
In this work, four new terpyridine-Fe (Ⅱ) coordination polymers (FeQ1 ∼ FeQ4) consisting of quinoxaline-based π-spacers were developed, and further deposited on ITO substrates via spin-coating ...process for electrochromic applications. All these Fe (Ⅱ) coordination polymers exhibited fast and reversible electrochromic switching between purple and yellow with high optical contrast as well as high coloration efficiency, and showed good cycle stability. The variation of substituents on the quinoxaline-based π-spacers resulted in tunable electrochromic properties. Remarkably, polymers FeQ3 and FeQ4 with aliphatic substituents on the ligands showed superior optical contrast up to 76.7% and 81.6% around 575 nm, with coloring time around 0.5 s and bleaching time around 2 s, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, FeQ4 gained the highest optical contrast value among the reported electrochromic materials based on Fe-complexes up to date.
We developed four terpyridine-Fe(II) coordination polymers consisting of quinoxaline-based π-spacers for electrochromism with enhanced performance. Display omitted
•Four new Fe(II) coordination polymers were prepared for electrochromics.•Quinoxaline-based π-spacers were introduced for enhanced electrochromic performance.•FeQ4 showed fast purple-to-yellow switching with high optical contrast over 80%.
We reported two butterfly-shaped monomers TTCQF and TTCQH consisting of camphor-substituted quinoxaline units as π-spacers, and their electrochemical polymerizations for electrochromic energy storage ...devices.
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•Two conjugated polymers PTTCQH and PTTCQF were developed for electrochromic and energy storage devices.•The present polymers showed efficient electrochromic performance with large optical contrast over 75 % around 1100 nm.•PTTCQH exhibited large areal specific capacitance of 12 mF/cm2 at a current density of 0.1 mA/cm2.
Two new butterfly-shaped monomers TTCQF and TTCQH consisting of camphor-substituted quinoxaline units as π-spacers were designed and synthesized, which were further electrochemical polymerized and deposited on ITO substrates for electrochromic energy storage devices. The present cross-linked polymer thin films PTTCQF and PTTCQH displayed prominent color changes with significant optical contrast in both the visible and near-infrared regions under external electrical stimuli. These two polymers showcased superior electrochromic performance, involving high optical contrast, fast switching speed, and good coloration efficiency. Additionally, both polymers demonstrated a high areal specific capacitance (12 mF/cm2 for PTTCQH and 9.97 mF/cm2 for PTTCQF) at a current density of 0.1 mA/cm2. Electrochromic energy storage devices based on these polymers were fabricated, and not only illuminated an LED bulb but also visually indicated the energy storage state, guaranteed their potential for applications in energy-saving smart windows. This work may provide valuable insights into the development of efficient cross-linked electrochromic energy storage polymers.
In this work, five novel π-extended viologens with four arms, denoted as TPh-BMV, TMeOPh-BMV, TTh-BMV, TFPh-BMV, TBFPh-BMV, were successfully synthesized in an eco-friendly way. By introducing phenyl ...groups with different substituents into the pyridine ring, the optical and electrochemical properties were tuned effectively. All-in-one electrochromic devices based on the present new viologens were investigated, which showed efficient electrochromic performance involving high optical contrast, short response time, excellent cycling stability as well as high coloration efficiency. Among them, ECDs based on TBFPh-BMV exhibited an extremely high contrast of 95% at 526 nm and 96% at 596 nm, as well as good coloration efficiency over 350 cm2/C. This work provided an effective strategy to develop π-extended viologens for efficient and tunable electrochromism.
•Five new π-extended viologens with four arms were developed for electrochromic devices.•ECDs based the present viologens showed efficient and tunable electrochromism.•ECDs based on TBFPh-BMV exhibited a high contrast over 95% and coloration efficiency over 350 cm2/C.
Two new donor-acceptor (D-A) type triphenylamine-based monomers TPACQF and TPACQH consisting of camphor substituted quinoxaline unit were prepared and further electrochemical polymerized for ...electrochromic devices and supercapacitors. The obtained polymer thin films PTPACQH and PTPACQF exhibited large optical contrast in both visible and near IR region under external electric stimulus, resulting in obvious color change. Among them, PTPACQF showed superior electrochromic performances with high optical contrast (94%) at 745 nm, short switching time (colored time of 1.1 s and bleached time of 0.5 s) and outstanding coloration efficiency 475.25 cm2/C. Moreover, both two polymers showed high areal specific capacitance (5.72 mF/cm2 for PTPACQH and 5.89 mF/cm2 for PTPACQF) at a current density of 0.1 mA/cm2, respectively. The electrochromic energy storage devices based on these two polymers were fabricated, which could light the LED bulb with visualizing the energy storage state of the devices, which guaranteed their potential applications in energy saving smart windows.
We reported the electropolymerization of D-A type triphenylamine-based monomers consisting of camphor substituted quinoxaline unit for multicolor electrochromism and supercapacitor. Display omitted
•Two D-A-D type triphenylamine-based monomers TPACQF and TPACQH were prepared.•Two novel conjugated polymers were prepared by electrochemical polymerization.•Polymer PTPACQF exhibited fast electrochromic switch with high optical contrast of 94%.•Electrochromic supercapacitors based on the present polymers were fabricated and investigated.
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