Over the past several decades, the number of electric vehicles (EVs) has continued to increase. Projections estimate that worldwide, more than 125 million EVs will be on the road by 2030. At the ...heart of these advanced vehicles is the lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery which provides the required energy storage. This paper presents and compares key components of Li-ion batteries and describes associated battery management systems, as well as approaches to improve the overall battery efficiency, capacity, and lifespan. Material and thermal characteristics are identified as critical to battery performance. The positive and negative electrode materials, electrolytes and the physical implementation of Li-ion batteries are discussed. In addition, current research on novel high energy density batteries is presented, as well as opportunities to repurpose and recycle the batteries.
Animal development depends on not only the linear genome sequence that embeds millions of
cis
-regulatory elements, but also the three-dimensional (3D) chromatin architecture that orchestrates the ...interplay between
cis
-regulatory elements and their target genes. Compared to our knowledge of the
cis
-regulatory sequences, the understanding of the 3D genome organization in human and other eukaryotes is still limited. Recent advances in technologies to map the 3D genome architecture have greatly accelerated the pace of discovery. Here, we review emerging concepts of chromatin organization in mammalian cells, discuss the dynamics of chromatin conformation during development, and highlight important roles for chromatin organization in cancer and other human diseases.
Ultrathin, molecular-sieving membranes have great potential to realize high-flux, high-selectivity mixture separation at low energy cost. Current microporous membranes pore size < 1 nanometer (nm), ...however, are usually relatively thick. With the use of current membrane materials and techniques, it is difficult to prepare microporous membranes thinner than 20 nm without introducing extra defects. Here, we report ultrathin graphene oxide (GO) membranes, with thickness approaching 1.8 nm, prepared by a facile filtration process. These membranes showed mixture separation selectivities as high as 3400 and 900 for H₂/CO₂ and H₂/N₂ mixtures, respectively, through selective structural defects on GO.
Benzofuran compounds are a class of compounds that are ubiquitous in nature. Numerous studies have shown that most benzofuran compounds have strong biological activities such as anti-tumor, ...antibacterial, anti-oxidative, and anti-viral activities. Owing to these biological activities and potential applications in many aspects, benzofuran compounds have attracted more and more attention of chemical and pharmaceutical researchers worldwide, making these substances potential natural drug lead compounds. For example, the recently discovered novel macrocyclic benzofuran compound has anti-hepatitis C virus activity and is expected to be an effective therapeutic drug for hepatitis C disease; novel scaffold compounds of benzothiophene and benzofuran have been developed and utilized as anticancer agents. Novel methods for constructing benzofuran rings have been discovered in recent years. A complex benzofuran derivative is constructed by a unique free radical cyclization cascade, which is an excellent method for the synthesis of a series of difficult-to-prepare polycyclic benzofuran compounds. Another benzofuran ring constructed by proton quantum tunneling has not only fewer side reactions, but also high yield, which is conducive to the construction of complex benzofuran ring systems. This review summarizes the recent studies on the various aspects of benzofuran derivatives including their important natural product sources, biological activities and drug prospects, and chemical synthesis, as well as the relationship between the bioactivities and structures.
Benzofuran compounds are a class of compounds that are ubiquitous in nature.
Liquefaction, which can be defined as a loss of strength and stiffness in soils, is one of the major causes of damage to buildings and infrastructure during an earthquake. To overcome a lack of ...comprehensive analyses of seismically induced liquefaction, this study reviews the characteristics of liquefaction and its related damage to soils and foundations during earthquakes in the first part of the twenty-first century. Based on seismic data analysis, macroscopic phenomena of liquefaction (e.g., sand boiling, ground cracking, and lateral spread) are summarized, and several new phenomena related to earthquakes from the twenty-first century are highlighted, including liquefaction in areas with moderate seismic intensity, liquefaction of gravelly soils, liquefaction of deep-level sandy soils, re-liquefaction in aftershocks, liquid-like behavior of unsaturated sandy soils. Additionally, phenomena related to damage in soils and foundations induced by liquefaction are investigated and discussed.
In this study, we extracted the in‐situ soil dynamic parameters that contains shear wave velocity, shear modulus degradation curve and damping ratio from seismic data recorded at the Delaney Park ...Digital Array (DPDA) during the 2018 Mw 7.0 Anchorage earthquake. Based on these parameters, a one‐dimensional finite element model in DEEPSOIL is constructed to simulate the propagation of seismic waves in near‐surface, and the simulated pseudo‐spectral accelerations with 5% damping from the in‐situ soil dynamic parameters are compared with those from different velocity profiles and damping models. The results show that: (1) it is necessary to consider the effects of downward waves on the estimation of shear strain when extracting the modulus degradation curve, otherwise the shear strain will be overestimated by several times at this site; (2) the validity and reliability of the use of the in‐situ soil dynamic parameters in reproducing and predicting nonlinear ground response are verified, in which the Pearson correlation coefficients between the simulated and observed spectral accelerations at different depths for five selected events are generally higher than 0.95; (3) the ground response analysis exhibits relatively high sensitivity to both velocity profiles and damping models, where the velocity profile extracted from vertical seismic data obviously outperforms other velocity profiles, and the Rayleigh damping provides an alternative to the constant damping model in this study.
•Research status and trends over 25years were analyzed by bibliometric analysis.•Focuses on pretreatment, co-digestion, and process optimization were reviewed.•Ethanol and aerobic prefermentation as ...new pretreatment methods were clarified.•Biorefinery and new anaerobic digestion model will be new research directions.
Anaerobic digestion has been practically applied in agricultural and industrial waste treatment and recognized as an economical-effective way for food waste disposal. This paper presented an overview on the researches about anaerobic digestion of food waste. Technologies (e.g., pretreatment, co-digestion, inhibition and mitigation, anaerobic digestion systems, etc.) were introduced and evaluated on the basis of bibliometric analysis. Results indicated that ethanol and aerobic prefermentation were novel approaches to enhance substrates hydrolysis and methane yield. With the promotion of resource recovery, more attention should be paid to biorefinery technologies which can produce more useful products toward zero emissions. Furthermore, a technological route for food waste conversion based on anaerobic digestion was proposed.
Perovskite light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) have recently attracted great research interest for their narrow emissions and solution processability. Remarkable progress has been achieved in green ...perovskite LEDs in recent years, but not blue or red ones. Here, highly efficient and spectrally stable red perovskite LEDs with quasi‐2D perovskite/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) composite thin films as the light‐emitting layer are reported. By controlling the molar ratios of organic salt (benzylammonium iodide) to inorganic salts (cesium iodide and lead iodide), luminescent quasi‐2D perovskite thin films are obtained with tunable emission colors from red to deep red. The perovskite/polymer composite approach enables quasi‐2D perovskite/PEO composite thin films to possess much higher photoluminescence quantum efficiencies and smoothness than their neat quasi‐2D perovskite counterparts. Electrically driven LEDs with emissions peaked at 638, 664, 680, and 690 nm have been fabricated to exhibit high brightness and external quantum efficiencies (EQEs). For instance, the perovskite LED with an emission peaked at 680 nm exhibits a brightness of 1392 cd m−2 and an EQE of 6.23%. Moreover, exceptional electroluminescence spectral stability under continuous device operation has been achieved for these red perovskite LEDs.
Highly efficient red‐emitting light‐emitting diodes based on quasi‐2D perovskite/polymer composite thin films are demonstrated. They are shown to have maximal brightness of 1392 cd m−2 and external quantum efficiencies of 6.23%.
Vapor condensation plays a key role in a wide range of industrial applications including power generation, thermal management, water harvesting and desalination. Fast droplet nucleation and efficient ...droplet departure as well as low interfacial thermal resistance are important factors that determine the thermal performances of condensation; however, these properties have conflicting requirements on the structural roughness and surface chemistry of the condensing surface or condensation modes (e.g., filmwise vs dropwise). Despite intensive efforts over the past few decades, almost all studies have focused on the dropwise condensation enabled by superhydrophobic surfaces. In this work, we report the development of a bioinspired hybrid surface with high wetting contrast that allows for seamless integration of filmwise and dropwise condensation modes. We show that the synergistic cooperation in the observed recurrent condensation modes leads to improvements in all aspects of heat transfer properties including droplet nucleation density, growth rate, and self-removal, as well as overall heat transfer coefficient. Moreover, we propose an analytical model to optimize the surface morphological features for dramatic heat transfer enhancement.
Negative impacts from the dominant use of petroleum-based transportation have propelled the globe towards electrified transportation. With this thrust, many technological challenges are being ...encountered and addressed, one of which is the development and availability of fast-charging technologies. To compete with petroleum-based transportation, electric vehicle (EV) battery charging times need to decrease to the 5–10 min range. This paper provides a review of EV fast-charging technologies and the impacts on the battery systems, including heat management and associated limitations. In addition, the paper presents promising new approaches and opportunities for power electronic converter topologies and systems level research to advance the state-of-the-art in fast-charging.
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