The present meta-analytic review aimed to synthesize the global prevalence characteristics of digital addiction in the general population. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO ...for studies reporting prevalence of various subtypes of digital addiction published before October 31, 2021. Studies were eligible if they were published in peer-reviewed journals, used a validated tool to assess digital addiction, and passed the qualify assessment. In total, 498 articles with 507 studies were included in systematic review, and the meta-analysis included 495 articles with 504 studies covering 2,123,762 individuals from 64 countries. Global pooled prevalence estimates were 26.99% (95% CI, 22.73–31.73) for smartphone addiction, 17.42% (95% CI, 12.42–23.89) for social media addiction, 14.22% (95% CI, 12.90–15.65) for Internet addiction, 8.23% (95% CI, 5.75–11.66) for cybersex addiction, and 6.04% (95% CI, 4.80–7.57) for game addiction. Higher prevalence of digital addiction was found in Eastern Mediterranean region and low/lower-middle income countries. Males had higher risk for Internet and game addiction. An increasing trend of digital addiction during the past two decades was found, which dramatically worsened during COVID-19 pandemic. This study provides the first and comprehensive estimation for the global prevalence of multiple subtypes of digital addiction, which varied between regions, economic levels, time periods of publication, genders, and assessment scales.
PROSPERO ID: CRD42020171117.
•1/4 general population could be affected by at least one subtype of digital addiction.•Prevalence differed among subtypes of digital addiction, with big geographical variation.•Low/lower-middle income countries had higher burden of digital addiction.•Males had higher prevalence of Internet addiction and game addiction than females.•Increasing trend of digital addiction was worsened by COVID-19 pandemic.
Hierarchically porous metal–organic frameworks (HP‐MOFs) are promising in various applications. Most reported HP‐MOFs are prepared based on the generation of mesopores in microporous frameworks, and ...the formed mesopores are connected by microporous channels, limiting the accessibility of mesopores for bulky molecules. A hierarchical structure is formed by constructing microporous MOFs in uninterrupted mesoporous tunnels. Using the confined space in as‐prepared mesoporous silica, highly dispersed metal precursors for MOFs are coated on the internal surface of mesoporous tunnels. Ligand vapor‐induced crystallization is employed to enable quantitative formation of MOFs in situ, in which sublimated ligands diffuse into mesoporous tunnels and react with metal precursors. The obtained hierarchically porous composites exhibit record‐high adsorption capacity for the bulky molecule trypsin. The thermal and storage stability of trypsin is improved upon immobilization on the composites.
Hierarchical structures were constructed using microporous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in uninterrupted mesoporous tunnels. Highly dispersed metal precursors are coated on the internal surface of mesoporous tunnels, followed by ligand vapor‐induced crystallization to form MOFs. The obtained composites show high adsorption capacity for trypsin.
Light‐responsive adsorbents capture significant attention due to their tailorable performance upon light irradiation. The modulation of such adsorbents is mainly based on weak (physical) interactions ...caused by steric hindrance while tuning strong interaction with target adsorbates is scarce. Here we report smart π‐complexation adsorbents, which can adjust the π‐complexation of active sites via light irradiation. A typical metal‐organic framework, MIL‐101‐NH2, was decorated with azobenzene motifs, and Cu+ as π‐complexation active sites were introduced subsequently. The reversible light‐induced isomerization of azobenzene regulates the surface electrostatic potentials around Cu+ from −0.038 to 0.008 eV, causing shielding and exposure effects. The alteration of CO uptake is achieved up to 54 % via changing light, while that on MIL‐101‐NH2 is negligible. This study provides a clue for designing target‐specific smart materials to meet the practical stimuli‐responsive adsorption demands.
Smart adsorbents are fabricated by introducing Cu+ into azobenzene‐decorated metal‐organic frameworks, in which azobenzene acts as light‐responsive motifs and Cu+ as π‐complexing sites. Ultraviolet‐/visible‐light irradiation triggers the isomerization of azobenzene, causing the changes in electrostatic potential around Cu+. This exposure/shelter effect adjusts CO capture and release by shifting light.
•PLFA biomarkers of the sampled soils were analyzed by principal component analysis and redundancy analysis.•Organic manure promoted the activity of bacteria, actinomycete and total microbial ...organisms in subtropical agricultural ecosystem.•Increasing mineral fertilizer application rate alone had no effect on increasing microbial growth in paddy soils.•SOC, TN and TP were the key determinants for maintaining soil microbial community.
Repeated fertilizer applications to cultivated soils may alter the composition and activities of microbial communities in terrestrial agro-ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the effects of different long term fertilization practices (control (CK), three levels of mineral fertilizer (N1P1K1, N2P2K2, and N3P3K3), and organic manure (OM)) on soil environmental variables and microbial communities by using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers analysis in subtropical China. Study showed that OM treatment led to increases in soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents, while the mineral fertilizer treatment led to increases in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. Changes in soil microbial communities (eg. bacteria, actinomycetes) were more noticeable in soils subjected to organic manure applications than in the control soils or those treated with mineral fertilizer applications. Fungal PLFA biomarkers responded differently from the other PLFA groups, the numerical values of fungal PLFA biomarkers were similar for all the OM and mineral fertilizer treatments. PCA analysis showed that the relative abundance of most PLFA biomarkers increased in response to OM treatment, and that increased application rates of the mineral fertilizer changed the composition of one small fungal PLFA biomarker group (namely 18:3ω6c and 16:1ω5c). Further, from the range of soil environmental factors that we examined, SOC, TN and TP were the key determinants affecting soil microbial community. Our results suggest that organic manure should be recommended to improve soil microbial activity in subtropical agricultural ecosystems, while increasing mineral fertilizer applications alone will not increase microbial growth in paddy soils.
The adjustment of the valence state of metal ions is crucial for various applications because peculiar activity originates from metal ions with specific valence. Cu
can interact with molecules ...possessing unsaturated bonds like CO via π-complexation, while Cu
doesn't have such ability. Meanwhile, Cu
sites are easily oxidized to Cu
, leading to the loss of activity. Despite great efforts, the development of a facile method to construct and recover Cu
sites remains a pronounced challenge. Here, for the first time a facile photo-induced strategy is reported to fabricate Cu
sites in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and recover Cu
after oxidation. The Cu
precursor was loaded on NH
-MIL-125, a typical visible-light responsive Ti-based MOF. Visible light irradiation triggers the formation of Ti
from Ti
in framework, which reduces the supported Cu
in the absence of any additional reducing agent, thus simplifying the process for Cu
generation significantly. Due to π-complexation interaction, the presence of Cu
results in remarkably enhanced CO capture capacity (1.16 mmol g
) compared to NH
-MIL-125 (0.49 mmol g
). More importantly, Cu
can be recovered conveniently via re-irradiation when it is oxidized to Cu
, and the oxidation-recovery process is reversible.
EZH2, a histone H3 lysine‐27‐specific methyltransferase, is involved in diverse physiological and pathological processes including cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the role of EZH2 in ...liver fibrosis is largely unknown. In this study, it was identified that EZH2 promoted Wnt pathway‐stimulated fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo by repressing Dkk‐1, which is a Wnt pathway antagonist. The expression of EZH2 was increased in CCl4‐induced rat liver and primary HSCs as well as TGF‐β1‐treated HSC‐T6, whereas the expression of Dkk1 was reduced. Silencing of EZH2 prevented TGF‐β1‐induced proliferation of HSC‐T6 cells and the expression of α‐SMA. In addition, knockdown of Dkk1 promoted TGF‐β1‐induced activation of HSCs. Moreover, silencing of EZH2 could restore the repression of Dkk‐1 through trimethylation of H3K27me3 in TGF‐β1‐treated HSC‐T6 cells. Interestingly, inhibition of EZH2 had almost no effect on the activation of HSC when Dkk1 was silenced. Collectively, EZH2‐mediated repression of Dkk1 promotes the activation of Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, which is an essential event for HSC activation.
Quercetin is a classic flavonoid that inhibits the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells. However, the effects of quercetin on the EMT of renal tubular epithelial cells, a potential ...mechanism of renal fibrosis and important characteristic of diabetic nephropathy (DN), remain largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effects of quercetin on the EMT of two lines of renal tubular proximal epithelial cells (HK-2 and NRK-52E) induced with high glucose and renal fibrosis resulting from type 1 diabetes and tried to clarify the specific mechanisms underlying these effects. The in vitro results showed that the EMT of HK-2 and NRK-52E cells was induced by high glucose, and mTORC1/p70S6K was highly activated in these two cell lines cultured under high glucose. Quercetin effectively ameliorated the high glucose-induced EMT of HK-2 and NRK-52E cells and inhibited the activation of mTORC1/p70S6K. In vivo, diabetic rats showed a significant decline in renal function and severe renal fibrosis at 14 weeks after STZ injection. Furthermore, mTORC1/p70S6K was activated in the renal cortex of diabetic rats. Treatment with quercetin alleviated the decline in renal function, and the progression of renal fibrosis and inhibited mTORC1/p70S6K activation in the diabetic renal cortex. In addition, we examined the protein and mRNA levels of four transcriptional factors (snail, slug, twist and ZEB-1), which regulate E-cadherin expression at the transcriptional level both in vivo and in vitro. The results revealed that the elevated expression of snail and twist in HK-2 and NRK-52E cells cultured under high glucose and in the renal cortex of diabetic rats was inhibited by quercetin. These results demonstrated that quercetin ameliorates the EMT of HK-2 and NRK-52E cells induced by high glucose and renal fibrosis induced by diabetes, and these effects have been associated with the inhibition of the two transcriptional factors (snail and twist) and the activation of mTORC1/p70S6K.
Patterns of hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBV‐R) in HBsAg (−)/HBcAb (+) patients with B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) receiving rituximab based immunochemotherapy have not been well described. ...The retrospective study included 222 HBsAg (−)/HBcAb (+) NHL patients as training cohort and 127 cases as validation cohort. The incidence of HBV‐R in HBsAg (−)/HBcAb (+) B‐cell NHL patients was 6.3% (14/222), of which that in HBsAg (−)/HBsAb (−)/HBeAg (−)/HBeAb (+)/HBcAb (+) population was 23.7% (9/38). Multivariate analysis showed that HBsAg (‐)/HBsAb (−)/HBeAg (−)/HBeAb (+)/HBcAb (+) correlated with a high risk of HBV‐R in B‐cell lymphoma patients (training phase hazard ratio HR, 10.123; 95% confidence interval CI, 3.389–30.239; p < 0.001; validation phase HR, 18.619; 95% CI, 1.684–205.906; p = 0.017; combined HR, 12.264; 95% CI, 4.529–33.207; p < 0.001). In the training cohort, the mortality rate of HBsAg (−)/HBcAb (+) B‐cell NHL caused by HBV‐R was 14.3% (2/14) while that for HBV reactivated HBsAg (‐)/HBsAb (−)/HBeAg (−)/HBeAb (+)/HBcAb (+) population was up to 44.4% (4/9). As a high incidence of HBV‐R and high mortality after HBV‐R was found in HBsAg (−)/HBsAb (−)/HBcAb (+)/HBeAg (−)/HBeAb (+) patients with B‐cell NHL receiving rituximab based immunochemotherapy, prophylactic antiviral therapy is recommended for these patients.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with poorly understood etiology. Increasing evidence suggest that inflammation may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ...ALS. Several studies have demonstrated altered levels of blood cytokines in ALS, but results were inconsistent. Therefore, we did a systematic review of studies comparing blood inflammatory cytokines between ALS patients and control subjects, and quantitatively combined the clinical data with a meta-analysis. The systematic review of Pubmed and Web of Science identified 25 studies encompassing 812 ALS patients and 639 control subjects. Random-effects meta-analysis demonstrated that blood tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF; Hedges' g = 0.655; p = 0.001), TNF receptor 1 (Hedges' g = 0.741; p < 0.001), interleukin 6 (IL-6; Hedges' g = 0.25; p = 0.005), IL-1β (Hedges' g = 0.296; p = 0.038), IL-8 (Hedges' g = 0.449; p < 0.001) and vascular endothelial growth factor (Hedges' g = 0.891; p = 0.003) levels were significantly elevated in patients with ALS compared with control subjects. These results substantially enhance our knowledge of the inflammatory response in ALS, and peripheral blood inflammatory cytokines may be used as diagnostic biomarkers for ALS in the future.
A large number of new causative and risk genes for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have been identified mostly in patients of European ancestry. In contrast, we know relatively little regarding ...the genetics of ALS in other ethnic populations. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the genetics of ALS in an unprecedented large cohort of Chinese mainland population and correlate with the clinical features of rare variants carriers.
A total of 1587 patients, including 64 familial ALS (FALS) and 1523 sporadic ALS (SALS), and 1866 in-house controls were analysed by whole-exome sequencing and/or testing for G4C2 repeats in
. Forty-one ALS-associated genes were analysed.
155 patients, including 26 (40.6%) FALS and 129 (8.5%) SALS, carrying rare pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants of ALS causative genes were identified.
was the most common mutated gene, followed by
,
,
,
and
. By burden analysis, rare variants in
,
and
contributed to the collective risk for ALS (p<2.5e-6) at the gene level, but at the allelic level
p.Gly294Val and
p.Arg521Cys and p.Arg521His were the most important single variants causing ALS. Clinically, P/LP variants in
and
were associated with poor prognosis, in
linked with younger age of onset, and
repeats tended to affect cognition.
Our data provide essential information for understanding the genetic and clinical features of ALS in China and for optimal design of genetic testing and evaluation of disease prognosis.
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