Alkaline metal‐ion batteries (AIBs) such as lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs), and potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) are potential energy storage systems. Currently, although ...LIBs are widely used in consumer electronics and electric vehicles, the electrochemical performance, safety, and cost of current AIBs are still unable to meet the needs for many future applications, such as large‐scale energy storage, due to the low theoretical capacity of cathode/anode materials, flammability of electrolytes and limited Li resources. It is thus imperative to develop new materials to improve the properties of AIBs. Several promising cathodes, anodes, and electrolytes have been developed and among the new battery materials, phosphorus‐based (P‐based) materials have shown great promise. For example, P and metal phosphide anodes have high theoretical capacity, resource abundance, and environmental friendliness boding well for future high‐energy‐density AIBs. Besides, phosphate cathode materials have the advantages of low cost, high safety, high voltage, and robust stability, and P‐based materials like LiPF6 and lithium phosphorus oxynitride are widely used electrolytes. In this paper, the latest development of P‐based materials in AIBs, challenges, effective solutions, and new directions are discussed.
Phosphorus‐based (P‐based) materials have broad application prospects for alkaline metal‐ion batteries (AIBs). The research progress of P‐based anodes, P‐based cathodes, and P‐based electrolytes in recent years are reviewed, and the development direction of P‐based materials for future high‐performance AIBs is discussed.
Metal–sulfur (M–S) batteries are promising energy‐storage devices due to their advantages such as large energy density and the low cost of the raw materials. However, M–S batteries suffer from many ...drawbacks. Endowing the electrodes and electrolytes with the proper catalytic activity is crucial to improve the electrochemical properties of M–S batteries. With regard to the S cathodes, advanced electrode materials with enhanced electrocatalytic effects can capture polysulfides and accelerate electrochemical conversion and, as for the metal anodes, the proper electrode materials can provide active sites for metal deposition to reduce the deposition potential barrier and control the electroplating or stripping process. Moreover, an advanced electrolyte with desirable design can catalyze electrochemical reactions on the cathode and anode in high‐performance M–S batteries. In this review, recent progress pertaining to the design of advanced electrode materials and electrolytes with the proper catalytic effects is summarized. The current progress of S cathodes and metal anodes in different types of M–S batteries are discussed and future development directions are described. The objective is to provide a comprehensive review on the current state‐of‐the‐art S cathodes and metal anodes in M–S batteries and research guidance for future development of this important class of batteries.
Advanced electrode materials and electrolytes with proper catalytic effects are promising in improving the performance of metal–sulfur batteries. To promote the commercialization process of metal–sulfur batteries in the future, the research progress of catalytic effects in metal–sulfur batteries in recent years is reviewed, and the development direction of catalytic effects for next‐generation metal–sulfur batteries is discussed.
As new 2D layered nanomaterials, Bi2O2Se nanoplates have unique semiconducting properties that can benefit biomedical applications. Herein, a facile top‐down approach for the synthesis of Bi2O2Se ...quantum dots (QDs) in a solution is described. The Bi2O2Se QDs with a size of 3.8 nm and thickness of 1.9 nm exhibit a high photothermal conversion coefficient of 35.7% and good photothermal stability. In vitro and in vivo assessments demonstrate that the Bi2O2Se QDs possess excellent photoacoustic (PA) performance and photothermal therapy (PTT) efficiency. After systemic administration, the Bi2O2Se QDs accumulate passively in tumors enabling efficient PA imaging of the entire tumors to facilitate imaging‐guided PTT without obvious toxicity. Furthermore, the Bi2O2Se QDs which exhibit degradability in aqueous media not only have sufficient stability during in vivo circulation to perform the designed therapeutic functions, but also can be discharged harmlessly from the body afterward. The results reveal the great potential of Bi2O2Se QDs as a biodegradable multifunctional agent in medical applications.
2D Bi2O2Se quantum dots (QDs) are synthesized by a facile top‐down approach. Boasting large photothermal conversion efficiency and excellent photoacoustic performance as well as suitable biodegradability, the Bi2O2Se QDs facilitate photoacoustic imaging of the entire tumors in photothermal cancer therapy. The semiconducting QDs are promising as a near‐infrared‐triggered theranostic agent in cancer therapy.
The development of advanced microelectronics requires new device architecture and multi‐functionality. Low‐dimensional material is considered as a powerful candidate to construct new devices. In this ...work, a flexible memristor is fabricated utilizing 2D cadmium phosphorus trichalcogenide nanosheets as the functional layer. The memristor exhibits excellent resistive switching performance under different radius and over 103 bending times. The device mechanism is systematically investigated, and the synaptic plasticity including paired‐pulse facilitation and spiking timing‐dependent plasticity are further observed. Furthermore, based on the linearly conductance modulation capacity of the flexible memristor, the applications on decimal operation are explored, that the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of decimal calculation are successfully achieved. These results demonstrate the potential of metal phosphorus trichalcogenide in novel flexible neuromorphic devices, which accelerate the application process of neuromorphic computing.
A flexible memristor constructed by 2D cadmium phosphorus trichalcogenide nanosheets emerges with excellent resistive switching characteristics. Essential synaptic plasticities can be successfully mimicked. The applications on decimal operation including the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of decimal operation are successfully explored, which demonstrates the promising prospect in artificial electronic synapses of CdPS3‐based memristor.
A new solar energy storage system is designed and synthesized based on phase‐changing microcapsules incorporated with black phosphorus sheets (BPs). BPs are 2D materials with broad light absorption ...and high photothermal performance, which are synthesized and covalently modified with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to produce the PMMA‐modified BPs (mBPs). With the aid of PMMA, the mBPs and phase‐changing materials (PCM, eicosane) are encapsulated together to form microcapsules. The microencapsulated eicosane and mBPs (mBPs‐MPCM) composites exhibit a high latent heat of over 180 kJ kg−1, good thermal reliability, as well as excellent photothermal characteristics inherited from BPs. Owing to the direct contact in the integrated mBPs‐MPCM composites, the thermal energy generated by mBPs is transferred to eicosane immediately giving rise to three times higher efficiency in solar energy storage compared to microcapsules with mBPs on the surface. The mBPs‐MPCM composites have great potential in solar energy storage applications and the concept of integrating photothermal materials and PCMs as the core provides insights into the design of high‐efficiency solar energy storage materials.
Phase‐changing microcapsules incorporated with black phosphorus are designed and prepared for efficient solar energy storage. Because of the direct contact between the black phosphorus sheets and eicosane, the microencapsulated composites show reduced energy loss during solar‐thermal energy transfer and accelerated solar energy storage. This structure has large potential in high‐efficiency solar energy storage.
Lanthanide‐Coordinated Black Phosphorus Wu, Lie; Wang, Jiahong; Lu, Jiang ...
Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany),
July 19, 2018, Letnik:
14, Številka:
29
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Black phosphorus (BP) possesses unique physical properties and, owing to its intrinsic instability, the proper surface and chemical coordination is the key point in many applications. Herein, a ...facile and efficient surface lanthanide‐coordination strategy based on lanthanide (Ln) sulfonate complexes is designed to passivate and functionalize different BP‐based nanostructures including quantum dots, nanosheets, and microflakes. By means of Ln–P coordination, the lone‐pair electrons of phosphorus are occupied, thus preventing oxidation of BP, and the LnL3@BP exhibits excellent stability in both air and water. Furthermore, accompanied by the original photothermal performance of BP nanostructures, the Gd‐coordinated BP has high R1 relativities in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and other Ln (Tb, Eu, and Nd) coordinated BP structures exhibit fluorescence spanning the visible to near‐infrared regions. Not only is LnL3 surface passivation an efficient method to enhance the stability of BP, but also the MR or fluorescence derived from lanthanide ions extends the application of BP to optoelectronics and biomedical engineering.
A facile lanthanide‐coordination strategy based on lanthanide sulfonate complexes is established for surface modification of black phosphorus (BP)‐based nanostructures, including quantum dots, nanosheets, and microflakes. It presents an efficient method to protect BP, and the magnetic resonance or fluorescence derived from the lanthanide enables the functionalization of BP for extending its application range.
The interfacial charge effect is crucial for high‐sensitivity organic phototransistors (OPTs), but conventional layered and hybrid OPTs have a trade‐off in balancing the separation, transport, and ...recombination of photogenerated charges, consequently impacting the device performance. Herein, a novel hybrid‐layered phototransistor (HL‐OPT) is reported with significantly improved photodetection performance, which takes advantages of both the charge‐trapping effect (CTE) and efficient carrier transport. The HL‐OPT consisting of 2,7‐dioctyl1benzothieno3,2‐b1benzothiophene (C8‐BTBT) as conduction channel, C8‐BTBT:6,6‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) bulk heterojunction as photoactive layer, and sandwiched MoO3 interlayer as a charge‐transport interlayer exhibits outstanding photodetection characteristics such as a photosensitivity (Ilight/Idark) of 2.9 × 106, photoresponsivity (R) of 8.6 × 103 A W−1, detectivity (D*) of 3.4 × 1014 Jones, and external quantum efficiency of 3 × 106% under weak light illumination of 32 µW cm−2. The mechanism and strategy described here provide new insights into the design and optimization of high‐performance OPTs spanning the ultraviolet and near infrared (NIR) range as well as fundamental issues pertaining to the electronic and photonic properties of the devices.
A novel hybrid‐layered organic phototransistor, (HL‐OPT) architecture consisting of an organic semiconductor channel layer for fast carrier transport, a photoactive organic bulk‐heterojunction layer, and an ultrathin inorganic interlayer sandwiched in between is proposed. By combining the virtues of the charge‐trapping effect and efficient carrier transport simultaneously, significant enhancement in the photodetection performance is achieved from the fabricated HL‐OPT.
Most contemporary X‐ray detectors adopt device structures with non/low‐gain energy conversion, such that a fairly thick X‐ray photoconductor or scintillator is required to generate sufficient ...X‐ray‐induced charges, and thus numerous merits for thin devices, such as mechanical flexibility and high spatial resolution, have to be compromised. This dilemma is overcome by adopting a new high‐gain device concept of a heterojunction X‐ray phototransistor. In contrast to conventional detectors, X‐ray phototransistors allow both electrical gating and photodoping for effective carrier‐density modulation, leading to high photoconductive gain and low noise. As a result, ultrahigh sensitivities of over 105 μC Gyair−1 cm−2 with low detection limit are achieved by just using an ≈50 nm thin photoconductor. The employment of ultrathin photoconductors also endows the detectors with superior flexibility and high imaging resolution. This concept offers great promise in realizing well‐balanced detection performance, mechanical flexibility, integration, and cost for next‐generation X‐ray detectors.
An ultrathin and ultrasensitive direct X‐ray detector based on a heterojunction phototransistor is developed by taking advantage of high‐gain and gating‐modulation mechanisms. This unique device concept allows for a significant reduction in X‐ray photoconductor thickness while maintaining high sensitivity and low detection limit, which opens up new opportunities for developing high‐resolution, flexible, and low‐cost X‐ray direct detectors.
The development of advanced electronic devices is boosting many aspects of modern technology and industry. The ever‐increasing demand for advanced electrical devices and integrated circuits calls for ...the design of novel materials, with superior properties for the improvement of working performance. In this review, a detailed overview of the synthesis strategies of 2D metal organic frameworks (MOFs) acquiring growing attention is presented, as a basis for expansion of novel key materials in electrical devices and integrated circuits. A framework of controllable synthesis routes to be implanted in the synthesis strategies of 2D materials and MOFs is described. In short, the synthesis methods of 2D MOFs are summarized and discussed in depth followed by the illustrations of promising applications relating to various electrical devices and integrated circuits. It is concluded by outlining how 2D MOFs can be synthesized in a simpler, highly efficient, low‐cost, and more environmentally friendly way which can open up their applicable opportunities as key materials in advanced electrical devices and integrated circuits, enabling their use in broad aspects of the society.
A framework of controllable synthesis routes for ultrathin 2D MOFs are discussed, followed by illustrations of promising applications relating to various electrical devices and integrated circuits. It is concluded by outlining how 2D MOFs can be synthesized in a simpler, highly efficient, low cost, and environmentally friendly way which opens up their opportunities in advanced electrical devices and integrated circuits.
Biodegradable inorganic nanomaterials have opened new perspectives for cancer therapy due to their inherent anticancer activity. Black phosphorus nanosheets (BPs) with their unique bioactivity have ...recently been identified as promising cancer therapeutic agents but their application is hampered by the difficulty in surface functionalization. Herein, an in situ calcium phosphate (CaP) mineralization strategy is described to enhance the anticancer activity of BPs. By using BPs as the phosphate sources and growth templates, the synthesized CaP‐mineralized BPs (CaBPs) retain the intrinsic properties of BPs and at the same time have high loading capacities for various fluorophores to enable effective bioimaging and tracing. Compared to BPs, CaBPs exhibit enhanced and selective anticancer bioactivity due to the improved pH‐responsive degradation behavior and intracellular Ca2+ overloading in cancer cells. Furthermore, CaBPs specifically target mitochondria and cause structural damage, thus leading to mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. After intravenous injection, CaBPs target orthotopic breast cancer cells to inhibit tumor growth without giving rise to adverse effects or toxicity. The results demonstrate the great potential of CaBPs as targeted anticancer agents and the CaP mineralization approach provides a versatile surface functionalization strategy for nanotherapeutic agents.
Calcium phosphate‐mineralized black phosphorus nanosheets (CaBPs) are synthesized by using BPs as the phosphate sources and growth templates. CaBPs display enhanced selective anticancer activity as compared to BPs by inducing mitochondria‐mediated apoptotic cell death, and at the same time have high loading capacities for various fluorophores and drugs, thus displaying great potential as anticancer agents as well as versatile nanotherapeutic platforms.
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