With increasing global interest in hospital antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes, there is a strong demand for core elements of AMS to be clearly defined on the basis of principles of ...effectiveness and affordability. To date, efforts to identify such core elements have been limited to Europe, Australia, and North America. The aim of this study was to develop a set of core elements and their related checklist items for AMS programmes that should be present in all hospitals worldwide, regardless of resource availability.
A literature review was performed by searching Medline and relevant websites to retrieve a list of core elements and items that could have global relevance. These core elements and items were evaluated by an international group of AMS experts using a structured modified Delphi consensus procedure, using two-phased online in-depth questionnaires.
The literature review identified seven core elements and their related 29 checklist items from 48 references. Fifteen experts from 13 countries in six continents participated in the consensus procedure. Ultimately, all seven core elements were retained, as well as 28 of the initial checklist items plus one that was newly suggested, all with ≥80% agreement; 20 elements and items were rephrased.
This consensus on core elements for hospital AMS programmes is relevant to both high- and low-to-middle-income countries and could facilitate the development of national AMS stewardship guidelines and adoption by healthcare settings worldwide.
Mechanical force–induced orthodontic root resorption is a major clinical challenge in orthodontic treatment. Macrophages play an important role in orthodontic root resorption, but the underlying ...mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we examined the mechanism by which the ratio of M1 to M2 macrophage polarization affects root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement. Root resorption occurred when nickel–titanium coil springs were applied on the upper first molars of rats for 3 to 14 d. Positively stained odontoclasts or osteoclasts with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase were found in resorption areas. Meanwhile, M1-like macrophages positive for CD68 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) persistently accumulated on the compression side of periodontal tissues. In addition, the expressions of the M1 activator interferon-γ and the M1-associated pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were upregulated on the compression side of periodontal tissues. When the coil springs were removed at the 14th day after orthodontic force application, root resorption was partially rescued. The number of CD68+CD163+ M2-like macrophages gradually increased on the compression side of periodontal tissues. The levels of M2 activator interleukin (IL)-4 and the M2-associated anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 also increased. Systemic injection of the TNF-α inhibitor etanercept or IL-4 attenuated the severity of root resorption and decreased the ratio of M1 to M2 macrophages. These data imply that the balance between M1 and M2 macrophages affects orthodontic root resorption. Root resorption was aggravated by an enhanced M1/M2 ratio but was partially rescued by a reduced M1/M2 ratio.
This study aimed to carry out a bibliometric analysis of primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) from 2010 to 2020 and to reveal the research status and hotspots in the future.
A total of 3087 articles ...and reviews related to POI published from 2010 to 2020 retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection were used for bibliometric analysis. CiteSpace and VOSviewer were adopted to analyze countries and regions, organizations, authors, journals, keywords and co-cited references.
The number of publications about POI increased year by year. The USA produced the largest number of publications and the most influence in this field. The main research directions of POI can be roughly divided into four aspects according to the analysis of keywords and co-cited references: genetic research of POI; stem cell therapy for patients with POI; prediction of ovarian function; and fertility preservation of cancer patients. Genetic research and stem cell therapy may become research hotspots in the future.
This study might be the first bibliometric study to analyze publications of POI from multiple indicators, in order to provide new opinions for the research trends and possible hotspots of POI.
Novel magnetically separable BiOBr/CoFe2O4 microspheres were prepared and acted as a high-performance and recyclable material for efficient water purification.
•Novel magnetically separable ...BiOBr/CoFe2O4 microspheres have been fabricated.•BiOBr/CoFe2O4 microsphere exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity.•BiOBr/CoFe2O4 microsphere can be recovered easily from treated solution.
Novel magnetically separable BiOBr/CoFe2O4 microspheres assembled from nanoparticles were successfully fabricated by a facile solvothermal method at 160°C for 12h. Then, BiOBr/CoFe2O4 microspheres were characterized via XRD, TEM, SEM, EDS and VSM. Congo red (CR) was selected as a pollutant model to evaluate the photocatalytic activities of BiOBr/CoFe2O4 microspheres. The value of coercivity (232Oe) and the saturation magnetization (33.79emug−1) were obtained, which indicated that BiOBr/CoFe2O4 microspheres can be separated and recovered easily from the treated solution. What is more, by calculation, the initial rate constants of BiOBr/CoFe2O4 microspheres is about 1.45 times higher than that of the pure BiOBr, which resulted from superior adsorption and transfer performance to organic contaminants in aqueous systems. Four consecutive regeneration cycles demonstrated that the BiOBr/CoFe2O4 microspheres had high photostability under simulated solar light irradiation. According to the radical trapping experiments, the h+ radicals and O2− radicals were the two main active species that drive the photocolorization of CR pollutant by BiOBr/CoFe2O4 microspheres under simulated solar light irradiation. This work suggests that the BiOBr/CoFe2O4 microspheres may be a promising photocatalyst for photodegrading organic pollutants and environmental remediation.
Abstract
A theoretical study on the interplay of frustrated skyrmion and magnons should reveal new physics and future experiment designs. In this study, we investigate the magnon-driven dynamics of ...frustrated skyrmion in synthetic antiferromagnets based on micromagnetic simulations, focusing on the effect of skyrmion helicity oscillation. The oscillation speed and Hall angle of the frustrated skyrmion depending on the magnon intensity and damping constant are simulated, which demonstrates that the skyrmion helicity oscillation effectively suppresses Hall motion. The elastic scattering theory reveals that the helicity oscillation affects the scattering cross-section of injected magnons, which in turn effectively modulates the skyrmion Hall motion. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of magnon-skyrmion scattering in frustrated magnets, thus benefiting future spintronic and magnonic applications.
Aspergillus infections are increasingly recognized as a global health problem because of limited antifungal drugs and occurrence of azole resistance worldwide. More cyp51-mediated and ...non-cyp51-mediated mechanisms of azole resistance have been identified in clinical and laboratory studies in recent years with applications of molecular biotechnology including next-generation sequencing, reverse genetics and so on. In this review, current research on the molecular mechanisms of azole resistance in A. fumigatus were presented and summarized and meanwhile the putative clinical relevance of these findings from bench work were discussed. Important aims are to gain more insight to mechanism of azole resistance and provide some efficient lead for prevention strategy.
Ionization-induced injection mechanism was introduced in 2010 to reduce the laser intensity threshold for controllable electron trapping in laser wakefield accelerators (LWFA). However, usually it ...generates electron beams with continuous energy spectra. Subsequently, a dual-stage target separating the injection and acceleration processes was regarded as essential to achieve narrow energy-spread electron beams by ionization injection. Recently, we numerically proposed a self-truncation scenario of the ionization injection process based upon overshooting of the laser-focusing in plasma which can reduce the electron injection length down to a few hundred micrometers, leading to accelerated beams with extremely low energy-spread in a single-stage. Here, using 100 TW-class laser pulses we report experimental observations of this injection scenario in centimeter-long plasma leading to the generation of narrow energy-spread GeV electron beams, demonstrating its robustness and scalability. Compared with the self-injection and dual-stage schemes, the self-truncated ionization injection generates higher-quality electron beams at lower intensities and densities, and is therefore promising for practical applications.
Stomata are epidermal valves that facilitate gas exchange between plants and their environment. Stomatal patterning is regulated by the EPIDERMAL PATTERING FACTOR (EPF) family of secreted peptides: ...EPF1 enforces stomatal spacing, whereas EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE9 (EPFL9), also known as Stomagen, promotes stomatal development. It remains unknown, however, how far these signaling peptides act. Utilizing Cre-lox recombination-based mosaic sectors that overexpress either EPF1 or Stomagen in
cotyledons, we reveal a range within the epidermis and across the cell layers in which these peptides influence patterns. To determine their effective ranges quantitatively, we developed a computational pipeline, SPACE (stomata patterning autocorrelation on epidermis), that describes probabilistic two-dimensional stomatal distributions based upon spatial autocorrelation statistics used in astrophysics. The SPACE analysis shows that, whereas both peptides act locally, the inhibitor EPF1 exerts longer range effects than the activator Stomagen. Furthermore, local perturbation of stomatal development has little influence on global two-dimensional stomatal patterning. Our findings conclusively demonstrate the nature and extent of EPF peptides as non-cell autonomous local signals and provide a means for quantitative characterization of complex spatial patterns in development.This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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