Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)is a promising strategy that involves reconstruction of gut microbiota.Recently,it has been considered as a treatment of Crohn’s disease(CD)and certain ...neurological diseases.Here,to the best of our knowledge,we report the first case that used FMT to achieve remission of intestinal and neurological symptoms in a girl with CD and a 17-year history of epilepsy.During the 20 mo of follow-up,FMT has proved its efficacy in preventing relapse of seizures after withdrawing the antiepileptic drugs.Furthermore,this finding highlights the role of microbiota-gut-brain axis and inspires a novel treatment for epilepsy through remodeling gut microbiota.
spp. are diverse fungi with wide distribution. In this study, we report on three new species of
, namely
,
and
, collected from soils in China. Their phylogenetic position of these novel species was ...determined by analyzing the concatenated sequences of the second largest nuclear RNA polymerase subunit encoding gene (
) and the translation elongation factor 1- alpha encoding gene (
). The results of the phylogenetic analysis showed that each new species formed a distinct clade:
is a new member of the
Clade, and
and
belong to the
Clade. A detailed description of the morphology and cultural characteristics of the newly discovered
species is provided, and these characteristics were compared with those of closely related species to better understand the taxonomic relationships within the
.
Apiospora species are widely distributed fungi with diverse lifestyles, primarily functioning as plant pathogens, as well as exhibiting saprophytic and endophytic behaviors. This study reports the ...discovery of three new species of Apiospora , namely A. gongcheniae , A. paragongcheniae , and A. neogongcheniae , isolated from healthy Poaceae plants in China. These novel species were identified through a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic analysis of the combined ITS, LSU, tef1 , and tub2 sequence data revealed that the three new species formed a robustly supported clade with A. garethjonesii , A. neogarethjonesii , A. setostroma , A. subrosea , A. mytilomorpha , and A. neobambusae . Detailed descriptions of the newly discovered species are provided and compared with closely related species to enhance our understanding of the genus Apiospora .
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have moved from the environmental resistome into human commensals and pathogens, driven by human selection with antimicrobial agents. These genes have increased in ...abundance in humans and domestic animals, to become common components of waste streams. Estuarine habitats lie between terrestrial/freshwater and marine ecosystems, acting as natural filtering points for pollutants. Here, we have profiled ARGs in sediments from 18 estuaries over 4,000 km of coastal China using high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and investigated their relationship with bacterial communities, antibiotic residues and socio-economic factors. ARGs in estuarine sediments were diverse and abundant, with over 200 different resistance genes being detected, 18 of which were found in all 90 sediment samples. The strong correlations of identified resistance genes with known mobile elements, network analyses and partial redundancy analysis all led to the conclusion that human activity is responsible for the abundance and dissemination of these ARGs. Such widespread pollution with xenogenetic elements has environmental, agricultural and medical consequences.
We surveyed the Trichoderma (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) biodiversity in agricultural fields in four major agricultural provinces of East China. Trichoderma strains were identified based on molecular ...approaches and morphological characteristics. In three sampled seasons (spring, summer and autumn), 2078 strains were isolated and identified to 17 known species: T. harzianum (429 isolates), T. asperellum (425), T. hamatum (397), T. virens (340), T. koningiopsis (248), T. brevicompactum (73), T. atroviride (73), T. fertile (26), T. longibrachiatum (22), T. pleuroticola (16), T. erinaceum (16), T. oblongisporum (2), T. polysporum (2), T. spirale (2), T. capillare (2), T. velutinum (2), and T. saturnisporum (1). T. harzianum, T. asperellum, T. hamatum, and T. virens were identified as the dominant species with dominance (Y) values of 0.057, 0.052, 0.048, and 0.039, respectively. The species amount, isolate numbers and the dominant species of Trichoderma varied between provinces. Zhejiang Province has shown the highest diversity, which was reflected in the highest species amount (14) and the highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index of Trichoderma haplotypes (1.46). We observed that relative frequencies of T. hamatum and T. koningiopsis under rice soil were higher than those under wheat and maize soil, indicating the preference of Trichoderma to different crops. Remarkable seasonal variation was shown, with summer exhibiting the highest biodiversity of the studied seasons. These results show that Trichoderma biodiversity in agricultural fields varies by region, crop, and season. Zhejiang Province (the southernmost province in the investigated area) had more T. hamatum than Shandong Province (the northernmost province), not only in isolate amounts but also in haplotype amounts. Furthermore, at haplotype level, only T. hamatum showed a gradient distribution from south to north in correspondence analysis among the four dominant species. The above results would contribute to the application of Trichoderma biocontrol strains.
The mutualism pattern of the dark septate endophyte (DSE) Harpophora oryzae in rice roots and its biocontrol potential in rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae were investigated. ...Fluorescent protein-expressing H. oryzae was used to monitor the colonization pattern. Hyphae invaded from the epidermis to the inner cortex, but not into the root stele. Fungal colonization increased with root tissue maturation, showing no colonization in the meristematic zone, slight colonization in the elongation zone, and heavy colonization in the differentiation zone. H. oryzae adopted a biotrophic lifestyle in roots accompanied by programmed cell death. Real-time PCR facilitated the accurate quantification of fungal growth and the respective plant response. The biocontrol potential of H. oryzae was visualized by inoculation with eGFP-tagged M. oryzae in rice. H. oryzae protected rice from M. oryzae root invasion by the accumulation of H2O2 and elevated antioxidative capacity. H. oryzae also induced systemic resistance against rice blast. This systemic resistance was mediated by the OsWRKY45-dependent salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway, as indicated by the strongly upregulated expression of OsWRKY45. The colonization pattern of H. oryzae was consistent with the typical characteristics of DSEs. H. oryzae enhanced local resistance by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and high antioxidative level and induced OsWRKY45-dependent SA-mediated systemic resistance against rice blast.
Abstract
The internet of things accelerates the wireless connections of massive devices to provide all kinds of new services, and thus intensifies the spectrum scarcity and access delay. Cognitive ...radio (CR) technology brings a solution for the issue. As a typical CR scheme, opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) has been addressed widely in the past decade. However, the tradeoff between two key indexes, the throughput of cognitive radio network (CRN) and the delay of secondary user (SU), is rarely mentioned so far, which ignites the authors’ work in this paper. Taking into account a channel handoff (CH) based multi‐channel OSA scenario, the authors first analyze the opportunistic transmission performance of SU, and model the throughput of CRN as well as the handoff delay of SU. Then, the authors build up a delay‐constraint throughput optimization problem, and thus formulate the throughput‐delay tradeoff for OSA. Finally, the optimal traffic rates of SU for a good throughput‐delay tradeoff are derived according to maximizing the throughput of CRN. Theoretical and simulated results show that to enhance the throughput and to reduce the delay do not conflict always. By well adjusting the traffic rates of SU according to the traffic rates of primary user, the throughput of CRN can be improved while the handoff delay can be kept under a given level.
Opportunistic spectrum access (OSA), a promising technology to resolve radio spectrum scarcity, is still faced with some challenges, of which one is potentially frequent channel handoff (CH) even ...handoff blocking (HB) for secondary user (SU) to avoid primary user (PU). Reaccess is a direct way to resolve HB. However, multiple handoff blocking‐then‐reaccess (H‐BTR) are time consuming. Whether it is worthwhile to make multiple H‐BTR, is an interesting but hardly mentioned issue. To this end, the multiple H‐BTR‐based OSA are focused on here. Three key indices, the average transmission probability, handoff delay, and average reaccess times of SU in the H‐BTR‐based OSA, are deduced as close form first. Then, the effects of H‐BTR frequency and service traffic rate of SU on OSA are discussed. Finally, the H‐BTR‐based OSA is compared to two other schemes, the handoff without BTR (HWBTR)‐based OSA and the stop‐and‐waiting (SW)‐based OSA. Theoretical and simulated results show that the H‐BTR‐based OSA performs best among three schemes. Making H‐BTR in moderate frequency according to service traffic rate can increase transmission opportunity while additional delay of SU is tolerable, thus the performance of OSA can be well improved.
The multiple handoff blocking‐then‐reaccess (H‐BTR)‐based opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) is thoroughly analyzed and compared to two other schemes, the handoff without BTR‐based OSA and stop‐and‐waiting‐based OSA. The results indicate that making H‐BTR in moderate frequency according to the traffic rate can increase transmission opportunity while additional delay is tolerable, thus the performance of OSA can be improved.
The intertidal zone, due to its location in the transition zone of terrestrial and marine ecosystems, is seriously disturbed by anthropogenic activities such as fuel combustion and industrial ...production, causing significant increase in dissolved organic matter (DOM). However, the distribution and properties of DOM in intertidal sediments at the large scale and their correlations with local socio-economic indicators remain unclear. In this study, we collected sediment samples from 13 intertidal zones across 11 coastal provinces in China and analyzed optical properties and compositions of sedimentary DOM. The results showed that the physico-chemical properties of sediment, such as pH and texture, affected the content of organic matter, thereby influencing the concentration of sedimentary DOM indirectly. The contents of fulvic acid- and protein-like components were relatively higher than humic acid-like component at all sampling sites. Moreover, urbanization could lead to the release of aromatic and humified organic matters into intertidal zones. Unlike coal, oil consumption exhibited positive correlation with SUVA254, indicating that the combustion of oil released more aromatic compounds. These findings revealed the impact of anthropogenic activities on sedimentary DOM and provided theoretical basis for predicting and regulating intertidal carbon sink.
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•The physico-chemical properties of sediment affected the sedimentary OM content.•The proportions of fulvic acid and protein components were higher than humic acid.•Urbanization led to the input of aromatic and humified DOM into intertidal zones.•Oil combustion was positively related to the aromaticity of sedimentary DOM.
Dark septate endophytic fungi are symbiotes that play an important role in plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. In this study, 65 strains of endophytic fungi were obtained from tobacco ...roots using a tissue isolation method. Strains NYN8C05 and NYN8G01 were identified as
Acrocalymma vagum
based on ITS rDNA sequence analysis and morphological characteristics. Co-culture experiments showed that strains NYN8C05 and NYN8G01 can promote the growth of tobacco seedlings. Observations of roots after trypan blue staining showed that strains NYN8C05 and NYN8G01 colonized the roots and formed dark septate hyphae and microsclerotia. These results confirmed that strains NYN8C05 and NYN8G01 were dark septate endophytic fungi. Pot experiments showed that NYN8C05 and NYN8G01 significantly decreased the heavy metal content in leaves of tobacco plants.
A. vagum
strains NYN8C05 and NYN8G01 are dark septate endophytic fungi that have application potential for decreasing heavy metal content in tobacco leaves.
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