Organic light‐emitting transistors (OLETs) represent an emerging class of organic optoelectronic devices, wherein the electrical switching capability of organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) and ...the light‐generation capability of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) are inherently incorporated in a single device. In contrast to conventional OFETs and OLEDs, the planar device geometry and the versatile multifunctional nature of OLETs not only endow them with numerous technological opportunities in the frontier fields of highly integrated organic electronics, but also render them ideal scientific scaffolds to address the fundamental physical events of organic semiconductors and devices. This review article summarizes the recent advancements on OLETs in light of materials, device configurations, operation conditions, etc. Diverse state‐of‐the‐art protocols, including bulk heterojunction, layered heterojunction and laterally arranged heterojunction structures, as well as asymmetric source‐drain electrodes, and innovative dielectric layers, which have been developed for the construction of qualified OLETs and for shedding new and deep light on the working principles of OLETs, are highlighted by addressing representative paradigms. This review intends to provide readers with a deeper understanding of the design of future OLETs.
Organic light‐emitting transistors (OLETs), which integrate the electrical switching capability of OFETs and the light‐emission capability of OLEDs in a single device, have aroused great attention from the scientific and technological communities. This review highlights recent progress in this field with respect to materials, device configurations, and operations. State‐of‐the‐art protocols for high‐performance OLETs are documented.
Layered LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NMC) is a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, but structural instability and rapid capacity decay at high voltages and elevated temperatures preclude ...its large-scale commercialization. Lattice doping and surface coating can address these problems, but the different mechanisms between them are still unclear. Herein, two kinds of cathode materials (Zr-doped NMC and ZrO2-coated NMC) are synthesized and the effects of doping and coating on the structural stability and electrochemical performance of NMC are systematically investigated. Zr-doped NMC exhibits superior electrochemical performance with 98% capacity retention after 50 cycles between 3.0 and 4.5 V at 55 °C. In contrast, pristine and ZrO2-coated NMC suffer continual capacity decay during cycling. Ex situ analyses reveal that the performance improvement originates from the structure stabilizing effects of Zr doping and the robust interfacial film on the cathode surface during cycling. The results suggest that lattice doping is a key factor in obtaining excellent cycling performance at high temperatures. This study provides further insight into the different effects of Zr doping/coating and can be extended to investigate other cathode materials.
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•The effects of Zr doping and coating on LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 are investigated.•Zr-doped LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 exhibits superior cycling stability at 55 °C.•Zr modification alleviates surface structural degradation.•Zr modification facilitates the formation of a robust interfacial film.
The past decade has witnessed a rapid development of open government data practices and academic research. However, there is no systematic survey of existing research to understand the evolution of ...open government data. Such research can facilitate knowledge transfer within and across domains, and foster learning for countries in the early stages of open government data development. This study quantitively extracted the evolution trajectory of open government data based on the main path analysis method and then analysed the underlying motivations. The results show that open government data research went through four main phases and that the open government data movement has spread towards developing countries and smart cities. Different challenges and issues faced by the researchers in each phase drove the evolution of open government data research. Finally, we discuss future directions of open government data research based on our findings and recent development. There is a tendency to create sustainable open government data and smartness by employing artificial intelligence and creating data marketplaces.
Points for practitioners
Open government data efforts have evolved over the years into a global phenomenon. Countries have learned from each other and more and more efforts are focused on innovating with open government data by stimulating co-creation and using other incentives. The way that data are opened should focus on achieving goals like innovation, participation, transparency and accountability. There is a tendency to create sustainable open government data and smartness by employing artificial intelligence and creating data marketplaces.
Cocrystals of 4‐styrylpyridine and 1,2,4,5‐tetracyanobenzene were successfully prepared by supramolecular self‐assembly. Donor–acceptor interactions between the molecular components are the main ...driving force for self‐assembly and contribute to intermolecular charge transfer. The cocrystals possess two‐photon absorption properties that are not observed in the individual components; suggesting that two‐photon absorption originates from intermolecular charge‐transfer interactions in the donor–acceptor system. The origin of two‐photon absorption in multichromophore systems remains under‐researched; thus, the system offers a rare demonstration of two‐photon absorption by cocrystallization. Cocrystal engineering may facilitate further design and development of novel materials for nonlinear optical and optoelectronic applications.
Finding light in the darkness: Cocrystals comprising 4‐styrylpyridine and 1,2,4,5‐tetracyanobenzene (STC) display two‐photon absorption. Intermolecular charge‐transfer interactions between the molecular components of the supramolecular assembly facilitate two‐photon absorption that is absent from the individual molecules.
Metabolic diseases have become common diseases with the improvement of living standards because of changed dietary habits and living habits, which seriously affect health. Currently, related ...biomarkers have been widely used as important indicators for clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of metabolic diseases. Among all detection methods for biomarkers of metabolic diseases, electrochemical sensor technology has the advantages of simplicity, real-time analysis, and low cost. Carbon nanomaterials were preeminent materials for fabricating electrochemical sensors in order to enhance the performance. In this paper, we summarize the research progress in the past 3 years of electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanomaterials in detecting markers of metabolic diseases, which include carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon quantum dots, fullerene, and carbon nitride. Additionally, we discuss the future prospects for this field.
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury is a significant clinical problem without effective therapy. Unbiased omics approaches may reveal key MI/R mediators to initiate MI/R injury.
We used a ...dynamic transcriptome analysis of mouse heart exposed to various MI/R periods to identify S100a8/a9 as an early mediator. Using loss/gain-of-function approaches to understand the role of S100a8/a9 in MI/R injury, we explored the mechanisms through transcriptome and functional experiment. Dynamic serum S100a8/a9 levels were measured in patients with acute myocardial infarction before and after percutaneous coronary intervention. Patients were prospectively followed for the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events.
S100a8/a9 was identified as the most significantly upregulated gene during the early reperfusion stage. Knockout of S100a9 markedly decreased cardiomyocyte death and improved heart function, whereas hematopoietic overexpression of S100a9 exacerbated MI/R injury. Transcriptome/functional studies revealed that S100a8/a9 caused mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction in cardiomyocytes. Mechanistically, S100a8/a9 downregulated NDUF gene expression with subsequent mitochondrial complex I inhibition via Toll-like receptor 4/Erk-mediated Pparg coactivator 1 alpha/nuclear respiratory factor 1 signaling suppression. Administration of S100a9 neutralizing antibody significantly reduced MI/R injury and improved cardiac function. Finally, we demonstrated that serum S100a8/a9 levels were significantly increased 1 day after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction, and elevated S100a8/a9 levels were associated with the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events.
Our study identified S100a8/a9 as a master regulator causing cardiomyocyte death in the early stage of MI/R injury via the suppression of mitochondrial function. Targeting S100a8/a9-intiated signaling may represent a novel therapeutic intervention against MI/R injury.
URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT03752515.
Inflammation and microenvironment play a crucial role in muscle regeneration. IL (interleukin)-6, as a multifunctional cytokine is involved in the processes. However, the causative effect of IL-6 in ...muscle regeneration remains unclear. In a mouse model of cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury/regeneration, infiltrated monocytes/macrophages produce a high level of IL-6 started on 1 day (24 h) after injury. In IL-6 knock-out (−/−) mice, the muscle regeneration procedure was impaired along with decreased myogenic determination factor (MyoD) and myogenin mRNA level and increased interstitial fibrosis. The IL-6−/− mice exhibited less macrophage infiltration, lower inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, inducible NO synthase, Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and IL-10) and chemokine (CCL2, CCL3, and CCL5) expression, and inhibited myoblast proliferation. In vitro, IL-6 deficiency or Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) knockdown in activated macrophage attenuated the expression of CCL2, CCL3, but not CCL5, which resulted in less macrophage migration. Moreover, inflammatory macrophages promoted myoblast proliferation in an IL-6-dependent manner. Finally, adoptive transfer IL-6+/+ BM cells into IL-6−/− mice rescued the impaired regeneration with improved MyoD and myogenin expression. Taken together, IL-6 expression and the activated STAT3 signaling pathway in monocytes/macrophages is a critical mediator of macrophage migration and myoblast proliferation during muscle regeneration.
Background: Interleukin-6 (IL-6), as a multifunctional cytokine, was involved in the inflammation microenvironment of muscle regeneration.
Results: In mice lacking IL-6, less macrophage recruitment and decreased myoblast proliferation impairs muscle regeneration.
Conclusion: In monocytes/macrophages, activation of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway is critical to macrophage migration and myoblast proliferation during muscle regeneration.
Significance: IL-6/STAT3 pathway is essential for muscle regeneration.
Hydrogen peroxide (H
O
) as a crucial signal molecule plays a vital part in the growth and development of various cells under normal physiological conditions. The development of H
O
sensors has ...received great research interest because of the importance of H
O
in biological systems and its practical applications in other fields. In this study, a H
O
electrochemical sensor was constructed based on chalcogenide molybdenum disulfide-gold-silver nanocomposite (MoS
-Au-Ag). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were utilized to characterize the nanocomposites, and the electrochemical performances of the obtained sensor were assessed by two electrochemical detection methods: cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The results showed that the MoS
-Au-Ag-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) has higher sensitivity (405.24 µA mM
cm
), wider linear detection range (0.05-20 mM) and satisfactory repeatability and stability. Moreover, the prepared sensor was able to detect the H
O
discharge from living tumor cells. Therefore, this study offers a platform for the early diagnosis of cancer and other applications in the fields of biology and biomedicine.
Significant progress has been made in recent years toward realizing the potential of natural killer (NK) cells for cancer immunotherapy. NK cells can respond rapidly to transformed and stressed cells ...and have the intrinsic potential to extravasate and reach their targets in almost all body tissues. In addition to donor-derived primary NK cells, also the established NK cell line NK-92 is being developed for adoptive immunotherapy, and general safety of infusion of irradiated NK-92 cells has been established in phase I clinical trials with clinical responses observed in some of the cancer patients treated. To enhance their therapeutic utility, NK-92 cells have been modified to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) composed of a tumor-specific single chain fragment variable antibody fragment fused
hinge and transmembrane regions to intracellular signaling moieties such as CD3ζ or composite signaling domains containing a costimulatory protein together with CD3ζ. CAR-mediated activation of NK cells then bypasses inhibitory signals and overcomes NK resistance of tumor cells. In contrast to primary NK cells, CAR-engineered NK-92 cell lines suitable for clinical development can be established from molecularly and functionally well-characterized single cell clones following good manufacturing practice-compliant procedures. In preclinical
and
models, potent antitumor activity of NK-92 variants targeted to differentiation antigens expressed by hematologic malignancies, and overexpressed or mutated self-antigens associated with solid tumors has been found, encouraging further development of CAR-engineered NK-92 cells. Importantly, in syngeneic mouse tumor models, induction of endogenous antitumor immunity after treatment with CAR-expressing NK-92 cells has been demonstrated, resulting in cures and long-lasting immunological memory protecting against tumor rechallenge at distant sites. Here, we summarize the current status and future prospects of CAR-engineered NK-92 cells as off-the-shelf cellular therapeutics, with special emphasis on ErbB2 (HER2)-specific NK-92 cells that are approaching clinical application.
The cathode−electrolyte interface (CEI) is a key factor that affects the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries. However, considerable ambiguity still exists with regard to the ...composition and properties of the CEI at different potentials during cycling. In this study, we investigate the dynamic evolution behavior of the CEI between the LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode and organic carbonate electrolytes by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and synchrotron soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (soft XAS). XPS results reveal the continuous formation and decomposition of the CEI components during the initial charge and discharge process. Lithium alkyl carbonates and lithium fluoride (LiF) form during charging at low voltages, decompose at high voltages, and regenerate during discharging. In addition, soft XAS highlights the formation of electrochemically inactive species on the cathode surface, which generates extra barrier for Li+ diffusion and also decreases active sites for Li+ intercalation. The surface Ni undergoes incomplete oxidation during the charging process and exhibits partial reduction after discharging. These results are consistent with impedance variation in the first cycle and morphology changes on the cathode surface. These findings underscore the value of investigating and regulating the interfacial properties of lithium-ion batteries.
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•The composition of CEI is correlated with potentials.•CEI undergoes a dynamic evolution during initial charge-discharge process.•Electrochemically inactive Ni-based species are formed on the cathode surface.•The properties of CEI affect the electrochemical performance of NCM.
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