The 2021 Mw 7.3 Maduo earthquake, which hit the high mountain area of the internal Bayan Har Block in the central Tibetan Plateau, generated a ~ 154 km-long, nearly E-W-striking surface rupture zone. ...Field observations indicate prominent surface breaks characterized by discontinuous shear faults, en echelon tensional fissures, and mole track structures, revealing a dominantly left-lateral strike-slip motion with a maximum sinistral offset of ~2.7–2.8 m and general offset of ~1.0–1.5 m. The west part of the Maduo surface rupture zone occurred along the pre-existing Jiangcuo fault. Its east portion cut through some WNW-trending tectonics, indicating a previously unknown fault. The epicenter and slip distribution show a bilateral rupture for the Maduo quake. The complex 3D geometry of the Maduo seismogenic fault has controlled the occurrence of aftershocks and the multimodal distribution of coseismic displacements. The abnormally long Maduo surface rupture zone suggests that the rupture area-magnitude relationship might be more applicable than the rupture length-magnitude relationship for the magnitude estimation of a paleo-event. The occurrence of the Maduo earthquake challenges the active block model which used to predict little or no slip partitioning and large earthquakes in the block interior. A reappraisal of seismic hazard along intra-block faults with low strain rates is needed, especially across densely populated regions.
Display omitted
•The 2021 Maduo earthquake produced a ~ 154 km-long, dominantly sinistral surface rupture zone.•The maximum left-lateral displacement for the Maduo earthquake is ~2.7–2.8 m.•Seismic hazards along intra-block faults with low strain rates should be concerned.•3D seismogenic structures control the distribution of aftershocks and coseismic surface displacements.
The 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo earthquake ruptured the Jiangcuo fault, a secondary fault within the Bayan Har block, NE Tibetan Plateau, which attests that large earthquakes can occur on faults with very low ...slip rates. In this study, we use data from local seismic stations to explore the 3D velocity structure beneath the source region of the Maduo earthquake. Our results indicate that there is a distinct low-velocity anomaly in the mid-lower crust, and the thickness of this low-velocity zone decreases sharply to the east. The Maduo earthquake occurred in the transition zone between the high- and low-velocity regions. Based on our local velocity model and our knowledge of the regional crustal structures, we constructed numerical models to investigate the stress and strain energy distributions in our study area. As indicated by the stress concentration, strain energy accumulation, and low strain rate in the shallow upper crust around the source region, we conclude that the seismic velocity heterogeneity and the weak ductile mid-lower crust provide a unique tectonic environment that facilitated the nucleation of the Maduo earthquake. This study helps to understand the mechanisms of the Maduo earthquake, and more importantly reconciles the seeming contradiction between large earthquakes and low slip and strain rates.
•The distinct low P- and S-wave velocity anomalies are observed beneath the source region, and the thickness of anomalies decreases eastward.•The Maduo earthquake is located in the transition zone between the high- and low-velocity regions.•The modeled stress and strain energy concentrated around the source region of the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo earthquake.•Our results provide a mechanism for large earthquakes occurring on faults with low slip and strain rates.
The task of text-to-image synthesis is to generate photographic images conditioned on given textual descriptions. This challenging task has recently attracted considerable attention from the ...multimedia community due to its potential applications. Most of the up-to-date approaches are built based on generative adversarial network (GAN) models, and they synthesize images conditioned on the global linguistic representation. However, the sparsity of the global representation results in training difficulties on GANs and a shortage of fine-grained information in the generated images. To address this problem, we propose cross-modal global and local linguistic representations-based generative adversarial networks (CGL-GAN) by incorporating the local linguistic representation into the GAN. In our CGL-GAN, we construct a generator to synthesize the target images and a discriminator to judge whether the generated images conform with the text description. In the discriminator, we construct the cross-modal correlation by projecting the image representations at high and low levels onto the global and local linguistic representations, respectively. We design the hinge loss function to train our CGL-GAN model. We evaluate the proposed CGL-GAN on two publicly available datasets, the CUB and the MS-COCO. The extensive experiments demonstrate that incorporating fine-grained local linguistic information with cross-modal correlation can greatly improve the performance of text-to-image synthesis, even when generating high-resolution images.
Investigating the fine structure of fault zones is essential for understanding the mechanism of large earthquake nucleation. In this paper we study the complex fault geometry of the Tangshan fault ...zone in North China using a new seismic data set from 2010 to 2020 that spans ∼10 years. Based on the well-located hypocenters and focal mechanism solutions, we obtained more detailed information on the fault zone structural features: (1) the fault zone is divided into five segments according to different dip angles of the fault plane; (2) the spatial distribution of seismicity reveals conjugate fault branches and a flower-shaped structure at the northern part of the fault zone; and (3) the fault zone is dominated by a strike-slip type, but their intersecting segments are characterized by a normal-fault type. We further obtained high-resolution seismic images of Vp, Vs and Vp/Vs around the Tangshan source region. Combining the fault geometry with the low-velocity anomalies below 10 km depth, we infer that the ascending of hot mantle material into the lower crust may have weakened the Tangshan fault zone and generate the 1976 Ms. 7.8 Tangshan earthquake.
•The Tangshan fault zone is composed of five fault segments according to different dip angles of the fault plane.•Low velocity anomalies are imaged in the middle-lower crust of the Tangshan source region.•The Tangshan Ms. 7.8 earthquake is associated with the thermomechanical weakening of the fault zone.
The novel carbon-based solid acid catalyst (S-800-CG) was synthesized by high-temperature carbonization of calcium gluconate followed by sulfonation with 4-diazoniobenzene sulfonate at room ...temperature. The catalyst was characterized by TEM, SEM, N2 adsorption-desorption, TGA, FT-IR, and XPS to reveal its physical and chemical properties. The S-800-CG was used as a catalyst for converting xylose or corncob into furfural via a one-step process. Furthermore, the effects of calcination temperatures of the carbon support, reaction temperature, residence time, catalyst loading, and substrate concentration were investigated. It was demonstrated that S-800-CG is an efficient solid acid catalyst for furfural production from xylose in 1,4-dioxane. 85.9% furfural yield can be achieved from 50 mg xylose at 140 °C in 40 min by using 100 mg catalyst. Moreover, 52.9% furfural yield was obtained from 200 mg corncob at 190 °C in 70 min using 100 mg catalyst.
•The catalyst S-800-CG was prepared to utilize calcium gluconate which is a biomass material.•Corncob into furfural via a one-step process was proposed.•Furfural production at lower temperatures was achieved.•A higher concentration of xylose has an inhibitory effect on furfural production.
The Dunhua-Mishan fault, located in the northern segment of the Tanlu fault zone, experienced multiple tectonic processes associated with the effects of the Pacific Plate subduction and the Indo-Asia ...collision. The high-resolution fault-scale structure is critical for understanding the fault evolution and potential fault damage. However, the well-defined deep structure of the Dunhua-Mishan fault is still unclear due to the lack of the dense seismic array. In this study, we construct a high-resolution P-wave receiver function imaging based on linear dense seismic array across the fault. Our results reveal the strong Moho depth variation across the Dunhua-Mishan fault zone. The slightly higher Vp/Vs ratio values within the fault zone indicate the presence of a small amount of mafic crust composition. Interestingly, the significant double positive Ps converted phases are observed within the fault zone, which may represent double Moho discontinuities. The double Moho structure may be related to multiple significant tectonic activities in the Tanlu northern segment. These newly observed structures provide new seismic constraints on the formation and evolution of the Tanlu fault zone and probably reflect that the lithospheric structure of the Dunhua-Mishan fault has been modified by a series of tectonic processes.
To enhance aerial image detection in complex environments characterized by multiple small targets and mutual occlusion, we propose an aerial target detection algorithm based on an improved version of ...YOLOv5 in this paper. Firstly, we employ an improved Mosaic algorithm to address redundant boundaries arising from varying image scales and to augment the training sample size, thereby enhancing detection accuracy. Secondly, we integrate the constructed hybrid attention module into the backbone network to enhance the model's capability in extracting pertinent feature information. Subsequently, we incorporate feature fusion layer 7 and P2 fusion into the neck network, leading to a notable enhancement in the model's capability to detect small targets. Finally, we replace the original PAN + FPN network structure with the optimized BiFPN (Bidirectional Feature Pyramid Network) to enable the model to preserve deeper semantic information, thereby enhancing detection capabilities for dense objects. Experimental results indicate a substantial improvement in both the detection accuracy and speed of the enhanced algorithm compared to its original version. It is noteworthy that the enhanced algorithm exhibits a markedly improved detection performance for aerial images, particularly under real-time conditions.
Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation for conformal arrays is challenging due to non-omnidirectional element patterns and shadow effects. Conical conformal array (CCA) can avoid the shadow effect at ...small elevation angles. So CCA is suitable for DOA estimation on both azimuth and elevation angles at small elevation angles. However, the element pattern in CCA cannot be obtained by conventional directional element coordinate transformation. Its local element pattern also has connection with the cone angle. The paper establishes the CCA radiation pattern in local coordinate system using 2-D coordinate transformation. In addition, in the case of large elevation angle, only half elements of the CCA can receive signal due to the shadow effect. The array degrees of freedom (DOF) are reduced by halves. We introduce the difference coarray method, which increases the DOF. Moreover, we propose a more accurate propagator method for 2-D cases. This method constructs a new propagation matrix and reduces the estimation error. In addition, this method reduces computational complexity by using linear computations instead of eigenvalue decomposition (EVD) and avoids spectral search. Simulation and experiment verify the estimation performance of the CCA. Both demonstrate the CCA model established in this paper is corresponding to the designed CCA antenna, and the proposed algorithms meet the needs of CCA angle detection. When the number of array elements is 12, the estimation accuracy is about 5 degrees.
With the continuous advancement of electronic technology, terahertz technology has gradually been applied on radar. Since short wavelength causes severe ground clutter, this paper studies the ...amplitude distribution statistical characteristics of the terahertz radar clutter based on the measured data, and provides technical support for the radar clutter suppression. Clutter distribution is the function of the radar glancing angle. In order to achieve targeted suppression, in this paper, selected axial integral bispectrum (selected AIB) feature is selected as deep belief network (DBN)input to complete the radar glancing angle recognition and the network structure, network training method, robustness are analyzed also. The ground clutter amplitude distribution can follow normal distribution at 0~45° grazing angles. The Weibull distribution and G0 distribution can describe the amplitude probability density function of ground clutter at grazing angles 85° and 65°. The recognition rate of different signal grazing angles can reach 91% on three different terrains. At the same time, the wide applicability of the selected AIB feature is verified. The analysis results of ground clutter amplitude characteristics play an important role in the suppression of radar ground clutter.
In this study we investigate detailed Moho variations beneath Northeast China by applying the arithmetic mean, back-projected and Fresnel-zone migration imaging methods to a total of 169,602 ...high-quality P-wave receiver functions from seismograms of 2903 teleseismic events recorded at 127 NECESSArray stations and 321 China Earthquake Administration stations. Our results show that the Moho depth variations are correlated with the surface geology in the study region. The Moho is deeper (~34.0–42.0 km) under the Great Xing'an range, the Lesser Xing'an range, the Zhangguangcai range, and the Changbaishan mountain, whereas it is shallower (~26.0–32.0 km) under the Songliao basin. Our results also reveal obvious Moho variations across the North-South Gravity Lineament. The Moho offsets up to ~5.0 km are clearly observed under the Nenjiang-Balihan, Yilan-Yitong, and Dunhua-Mishan faults, indicating that they are lithospheric-scale faults. A deeper Moho is revealed under the volcanoes, such as the Jingpohu, Wudalianchi, and Changbaishan volcanoes and Abaga and Halaha volcanic groups. In particular, the Moho under the Changbaishan volcano reaches ~40.0 km depth and the observation varies with the teleseismic back-azimuths, suggesting a complicated magma system in the crust. In addition, the Moho under the Songliao basin varies significantly from ~26.0 km depth in the east to ~32.0 km depth in the west, which could be related to the lithosphere extension and thinning. All these results suggest that there exists a hot and wet mantle upwelling in the big mantle wedge formed by the deep dehydration of the long stagnant Pacific slab in the mantle transition zone under Northeast China.
•Detailed Moho variations under NE China are inferred using an unprecedented amount of receiver functions.•Clear offsets are observed across the Nenjiang-Balihan, Yilan-Yitong, and Dunhua-Mishan faults.•A deep Moho discontinuity under the Changbaishan volcano varies with the teleseismic back-azimuth.•All these results indicate a hot and wet mantle upwelling in the big mantle wedge above the stagnant Pacific slab.
PDF
