Fundamental understanding of the dependence between the structure and composition on the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) would guide the rational design of highly efficient and ...selective electrocatalysts. A major impediment to the deep reduction CO2 to multi‐carbon products is the complexity of carbon–carbon bond coupling. The chemically well‐defined catalysts with atomically dispersed dual‐metal sites are required for these C−C coupling involved processes. Here, we developed a catalyst (BIF‐102NSs) that features Cl− bridged dimer copper (Cu2) units, which delivers high catalytic activity and selectivity for C2H4. Mechanistic investigation verifies that neighboring Cu monomers not only perform as regulator for varying the reaction barrier, but also afford distinct reaction paths compared with isolated monomers, resulting in greatly improved electroreduction performance for CO2.
Chemically well‐defined catalysts with atomically dispersed dimer‐copper sites are elaborated to modulate the reaction path of CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR). The BIF‐102NSs catalyst with Cl− bridged dimer copper (Cu2) units shows higher catalytic activity and selectivity for C2H4, because the neighboring Cu monomers perform as regulator for varying the reaction barrier and afford distinct reaction paths compared with isolated monomers.
Nitrogen‐doped carbon (NC) materials have been proposed as next‐generation oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts to significantly improve scalability and reduce costs, but these alternatives ...usually exhibit low activity and/or gradual deactivation during use. Here, we develop new 2D sandwich‐like zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) derived graphene‐based nitrogen‐doped porous carbon sheets (GNPCSs) obtained by in situ growing ZIF on graphene oxide (GO). Compared to commercial Pt/C catalyst, the GNPCSs show comparable onset potential, higher current density, and especially an excellent tolerance to methanol and superior durability in the ORR. Those properties might be attributed to a synergistic effect between NC and graphene with regard to structure and composition. Furthermore, higher open‐circuit voltage and power density are obtained in direct methanol fuel cells.
Nitrogen‐doped: A new oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst was obtained from ZIF‐derived porous carbon and graphene. The catalyst exhibits high activity, superior tolerance to methanol, and good stability in comparison to commercial Pt/C catalyst.
Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to value‐added fuel has been considered to be a promising strategy to reduce global warming and shortage of energy. Rational design and synthesis of catalysts to ...maximumly expose the active sites is the key to activate CO2 molecules and determine the reaction selectivity. Herein, we synthesize a well‐defined copper‐based boron imidazolate cage (BIF‐29) with six exposed mononuclear copper centers for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2. Theoretical calculations show a single Cu site including weak coordinated water delivers a new state in the conduction band near the Fermi level and stabilizes the *COOH intermediate. Steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence spectra show these Cu sites promote the separation of electron–hole pairs and electron transfer. As a result, the cage achieves solar‐driven reduction of CO2 to CO with an evolution rate of 3334 μmol g−1 h−1 and a high selectivity of 82.6 %.
The cat on the cage: A copper‐based boron imidazolate cage with isolated, coordinatively unsaturated single copper atom active sites was found to be as an excellent co‐catalyst for highly efficient and selective solar‐driven CO2 reduction to CO.
Aims
A meta‐analysis was conducted of the prevalence rates of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burnout to identify the factors influencing these rates.
Background
The extents of ...compassion fatigue and burnout adversely affect nursing efficiency. However, the reported prevalence rates vary considerably.
Methods
Data were acquired from electronic databases. Random effects meta‐analyses were performed to obtain pooled estimates of the prevalence rates of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burnout and their respective instrumental scores. Meta‐regression analyses were performed to identify factors influencing these rates.
Results
Data from 21 studies were used for the meta‐analysis. The prevalence rates of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burnout were 47.55%, 52.55% and 51.98%, respectively. The possession of Bachelor's or Master's degrees by the nurses was significantly inversely associated with the percent prevalence of compassion fatigue (coefficient: −1.187) and burnout (coefficient: −0.810). The compassion fatigue score was also significantly inversely associated with nursing status as registered or licensed practical nurse (coefficient: −0.135).
Conclusion
In nursing, the prevalence rates of compassion fatigue and burnout are high. Better education and training may have a moderating effect on compassion fatigue and burnout and could improve the quality of life of nurses.
A novel in situ replication and polymerization strategy is developed for the synthesis of Fe‐N‐doped mesoporous carbon microspheres (Fe‐NMCSs). This material benefits from the synergy between the ...high catalytic activity of Fe‐N‐C and the fast mass transport of the mesoporous microsphere structure. Compared to commercial Pt/C catalysts, the Fe‐NMCSs show a much better electrocatalytic performance in terms of higher catalytic activity, selectivity, and durability for the oxygen reduction reaction.
The development of efficient and low‐cost bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is highly desirable for electrochemical energy ...conversion. Herein, this study puts forward a new Co decorated N,B‐codoped interconnected graphitic carbon and carbon nanotube materials (Co/NBC) synthesized by direct carbonization of a cobalt‐based boron imidazolate framework. It is demonstrated that the carbonization temperature can tune the surface structure and component of the resultant materials and optimize the electrochemically active surface area to expose more accessible active sites, effectively boosting the electrocatalytic activity. As a result, the optimized Co/NBC shows superior bifunctional catalytic activity and stability toward OER and HER in 1.0 m KOH solution. Furthermore, the catalyst can serve as both the anode and cathode for water splitting to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a cell voltage of 1.68 V. Experimental results and theoretical calculations indicate that the excellent activity of Co/NBC catalyst benefits from the synergistic effect of partial oxidation of metallic cobalt, conductive N,B‐codoped graphitic carbon and carbon nanotube, and the coupled interactions among these components. This work opens a promising avenue toward the exploration of boron imidazolate frameworks as efficient heteroatom‐doped catalysts for electrocatalysis.
Cobalt nanoparticles embedded in N,B‐codoped interconnected graphitic carbon and carbon nanotube (Co/NBC) are developed by direct carbonization of cobalt boron imidazolate framework as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting. Benefiting from the synergistic effects between the surface oxidation metallic cobalt and N,B‐codoped nanocarbon, the Co/NBC hybrid presents superior performance toward oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction.
Oxygen evolution: A 3D nickel foam/porous carbon/anodized nickel electrode was designed for the oxygen evolution reaction (see picture). The conductive porous carbon membrane, which is derived from a ...zeolite imidazolate framework, plays a key role as an interlayer to both protect the inner instable Ni foam and support the outermost oxygen‐evolving Ni catalyst layer.
Identifying effective means to improve the electrochemical performance of oxygen‐evolution catalysts represents a significant challenge in several emerging renewable energy technologies. Herein, we ...consider metal–nitrogen–carbon sheets which are commonly used for catalyzing the oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR), as the support to load NiO nanoparticles for the oxygen‐evolution reaction (OER). FeNC sheets, as the advanced supports, synergistically promote the NiO nanocatalysts to exhibit superior performance in alkaline media, which is confirmed by experimental observations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our findings show the advantages in considering the support effect for designing highly active, durable, and cost‐effective OER electrocatalysts.
Sitting on the FeNC: Metal–nitrogen–carbon sheets are used as the supports for metal oxide catalysts for the oxygen‐evolution reaction (OER). Iron–nitrogen–carbon (FeNC) sheets loaded with NiO nanoparticles give superior performance in alkaline media. The improved performance originates from a synergistic effect between the FeNC sheets and NiO.
To turn waste into treasure, a facile and cost‐effective strategy is developed to revive electroless nickel plating wastewater and cotton‐textile waste toward a novel electrode substrate. Based on ...the substrate, a binder‐free PB@GO@NTC electrode is obtained, which exhibits superior electrochemical performance. Moreover, for the first time, a novel tube‐type flexible and wearable sodium‐ion battery is successfully fabricated.
The development of an efficient catalytic electrode toward both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of great significance for overall water splitting associated ...with the conversion and storage of clean and renewable energy. In this study, carbon paper/carbon tubes/cobalt-sulfide is introduced as an integrated three-dimensional (3D) array electrode for cost-effective and energy-efficient HER and OER in alkaline medium. Impressively, this electrode displays superior performance compared to non-noble metal catalysts reported previously, benefiting from the unique 3D array architecture with increased exposure and accessibility of active sites, improved vectorial electron transport capability, and enhanced release of gaseous products. Such an integrated and versatile electrode makes the overall water splitting proceed in a more direct and smooth manner, reducing the production cost of practical technological devices.
