This EAACI position paper aims at providing a state‐of‐the‐art overview on nonallergic rhinitis (NAR). A significant number of patients suffering from persistent rhinitis are defined as nonallergic ...noninfectious rhinitis (NANIR) patients, often denominated in short as having NAR. NAR is defined as a symptomatic inflammation of the nasal mucosa with the presence of a minimum of two nasal symptoms such as nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and/or itchy nose, without clinical evidence of endonasal infection and without systemic signs of sensitization to inhalant allergens. Symptoms of NAR may have a wide range of severity and be either continuously present and/or induced by exposure to unspecific triggers, also called nasal hyperresponsiveness (NHR). NHR represents a clinical feature of both AR and NAR patients. NAR involves different subgroups: drug‐induced rhinitis, (nonallergic) occupational rhinitis, hormonal rhinitis (including pregnancy rhinitis), gustatory rhinitis, senile rhinitis, and idiopathic rhinitis (IR). NAR should be distinguished from those rhinitis patients with an allergic reaction confined to the nasal mucosa, also called “entopy” or local allergic rhinitis (LAR). We here provide an overview of the current consensus on phenotypes of NAR, recommendations for diagnosis, a treatment algorithm, and defining the unmet needs in this neglected area of research.
Particle size, composition and optical properties were measured at a regional atmosphere background station in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) to understand the formation and evolution of haze-fog ...episodes in Jan. 2013. The peak of particle number size distribution was in the size range of 80–100 nm during the measurements. PM1 mass concentration contributed 84% to the total particle mass (PM10). Based on visibility and ambient relative humidity, three types of weather conditions (i.e., clear, haze and fog) were classified in this study. The extinction coefficients of PM1 and PM10 under dry conditions were simulated by the Mie model. Under dry conditions, PM1 was found to contribute approximately 91% to the light extinction coefficient of PM10. However, the PM1 with the assumption of dry state was found to contribute approximately 85% to the ambient extinction coefficient of PM10 during clear conditions, 58% during haze conditions and approximately 41% during fog conditions. The variation of the dry PM1 contribution was related to the water uptake of particles under different relative humidity conditions.
A severe haze-fog event on Jan. 14–17 was discussed in more detail as a case study. Two episodes were chosen to show that nitrate and organics dominated the aerosol component during the severe haze-fog episode and were related to secondary aerosol formation and air mass origin. Nitrate played a more dominant role than sulfate in heavy haze formation in the YRD region, which was different from the North China Plain region.
•Particle number size distribution characteristic during haze-fog episode.•Submicron aerosol influence on light extinction coefficient is evaluated.•Secondary aerosol formation controlling haze-fog episode.•The effect of air mass origin on haze-fog formation episode.
Elevated peripheral inflammation is common in psychosis. Impairments in general cognition were linked to elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and other inflammatory markers in patients with psychotic ...disorders. Whether there is a subgroup of persons with elevated peripheral inflammation demonstrating deficits in specific cognitive domains remains unclear. While molecular underpinnings of altered inflammation in psychosis are hypothesized, genetic contributions to relationships of psychosis, inflammation, and cognition have not been clarified. Thirteen peripheral inflammatory markers and 17 neurobehavioral tasks were quantified in a subset of participants (129 psychosis, 55 healthy controls-HCs) from the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) consortium. Principal component analysis resulted in 5 inflammation factors across inflammatory markers. Three latent cognitive domains (Visual Sensorimotor, General Cognitive Ability, and Inhibitory Control) were characterized based on the neurobehavioral battery. Hierarchical clustering identified a psychosis subgroup with elevated inflammation and worse cognitive performance. Genetic predispositions to schizophrenia and cognition were explored in relation to inflammation. Among persons with psychosis, higher inflammation indices were associated with impairments of Inhibitory Control and Visual Sensorimotor function. Greater deficits in Inhibitory Control were observed in a high inflammation patient subgroup. Consistent with previous studies, global genetic correlations of schizophrenia, CRP, and cognition were observed. Significant bivariate local genetic correlations of CRP with schizophrenia or cognition across 22 loci with several genes in 1 locus on chromosome 3 suggested pleiotropic mechanisms for inflammatory relationships with cognition and psychosis. Specific neurobehavioral domains may be more sensitive to inflammation dysregulation in psychosis as compared to general cognitive function, particularly performance on tasks requiring ongoing behavioral monitoring and control. These, along with evidence of genetic correlations of CRP, psychosis, and cognition, provide further supporting evidence that inflammation dysregulation is an important underlying mechanistic contributor to the disruption of cognition in psychosis. Targeting this dysregulation may be an avenue for novel therapeutics to improve cognitive outcomes in these patients.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Although regional haze adversely affects human health and possibly counteracts global warming from increasing levels of greenhouse gases, the formation and radiative forcing of regional haze on ...climate remain uncertain. By combining field measurements, laboratory experiments, and model simulations, we show a remarkable role of black carbon (BC) particles in driving the formation and trend of regional haze. Our analysis of long-term measurements in China indicates declined frequency of heavy haze events along with significantly reduced SO₂, but negligibly alleviated haze severity. Also, no improving trend exists for moderate haze events. Our complementary laboratory experiments demonstrate that SO₂ oxidation is efficiently catalyzed on BC particles in the presence of NO₂ and NH₃, even at low SO₂ and intermediate relative humidity levels. Inclusion of the BC reaction accounts for about 90–100% and 30–50%of the sulfate production during moderate and heavy haze events, respectively. Calculations using a radiative transfer model and accounting for the sulfate formation on BC yield an invariant radiative forcing of nearly zero W m−2 on the top of the atmosphere throughout haze development, indicating small net climatic cooling/warming but large surface cooling, atmospheric heating, and air stagnation. This BC catalytic chemistry facilitates haze development and explains the observed trends of regional haze in China. Our results imply that reduction of SO₂ alone is insufficient in mitigating haze occurrence and highlight the necessity of accurate representation of the BC chemical and radiative properties in predicting the formation and assessing the impacts of regional haze.
This paper examined unearthed and handed down documents through terms and relative words in the section of
in
.For instance, "Zi"(), in "Yu Zi Wan Min", was believed to be Zi (), meaning "support". ...The"Xing"(), in "Ling Ge You Xing (), Xian Li Zhen Jing", referred to "theoretical works on acupuncture practice". The original meaning of "Guan"() in "Cu Shou Guan (), Shang Shou Ji" () was "to protect the components of the trigger", and the original meaning of "Ji" () was "trigger", which was a metaphor in the text. "Gua"() in "Gua () Yi Fa" meant "to hang up", "Fa"() meant " hair", and " Gua Yi Fa" meant "to hang up something with hair".
In this study, anisotropic heterogeneous geotechnical fields are characterized using random field theory, in which five basic patterns of material anisotropy are simulated including isotropy, ...transverse anisotropy, rotated anisotropy, general anisotropy, and general rotated anisotropy. Theoretical formulations of scale of fluctuation as a function of directional angle are developed for the five basic patterns of anisotropy through modifications of the coordinate system. These formulations of scale of fluctuation are identical for different correlation structures. Correlation functions for the exponential and Gaussian correlation structures are also derived. The matrix decomposition method is then applied to generate anisotropic random fields. The generated random field correlated data are verified with two realizations of transverse anisotropy and general rotated anisotropy random fields. Test values of the sample mean, sample deviation, and scales of fluctuation in six directions match well with the prescribed values. This study provides a technique to characterize inherent geotechnical variability and anisotropy, which is required to realistically simulate complex geological properties in engineering reliability analysis and design.
Abstract
We report on analysis of observations of the bright transient X-ray pulsar Swift J0243.6+6124 obtained during its 2017-2018 giant outburst with Insight-HXMT, NuSTAR, and Swift observatories. ...We focus on the discovery of a sharp state transition of the timing and spectral properties of the source at super-Eddington accretion rates, which we associate with the transition of the accretion disk to a radiation pressure dominated (RPD) state, the first ever directly observed for magnetized neutron star. This transition occurs at slightly higher luminosity compared to already reported transition of the source from sub- to super-critical accretion regime associate with onset of an accretion column. We argue that this scenario can only be realized for comparatively weakly magnetized neutron star, not dissimilar to other ultra-luminous X-ray pulsars (ULPs), which accrete at similar rates. Further evidence for this conclusion is provided by the non-detection of the transition to the propeller state in quiescence which strongly implies compact magnetosphere and thus rules out magnetar-like fields.
To explore the characteristics of Helicobacter pylori resistance in China and the association between antibiotic resistance and several clinical factors.
H. pylori strains were collected from ...patients in 13 provinces or cities in China between 2010 and 2016. Demographic data including type of disease, geographic area, age, gender and isolation year were collected to analyse their association with antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance was detected using the Etest test and the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.
H. pylori were successfully cultured from 1117 patients. The prevalence of metronidazole, clarithromycin (CLA), azithromycin, levofloxacin (LEV), moxifloxacin, amoxicillin (AMO), tetracycline and rifampicin resistance was 78.2, 22.1, 23.3, 19.2, 17.2, 3.4, 1.9 and 1.5%, respectively. No resistance to furazolidone was observed. The resistance rates to LEV and moxifloxacin were higher in strains isolated from patients with gastritis compared to those with duodenal ulcer and among women. Compared to patients ≥40 years old, younger patients exhibited lower resistance rates to CLA, azithromycin, LEV and moxifloxacin. The resistance rates to CLA and AMO were higher in strains isolated more recently, and we also found that the prevalence of resistance to metronidazole, CLA, azithromycin and AMO were significantly different among different regions of China.
The resistance rates to metronidazole, CLA and LEV were high in China. Patient age, gender, disease and location were associated with the resistance of H. pylori to some antibiotics. Furazolidone, AMO and tetracycline are better choices for H. pylori treatment in China.
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