Both Xp11 translocation renal cell carcinomas and the corresponding mesenchymal neoplasms are characterized by a variety of gene fusions involving TFE3. It has been known that tumors with different ...gene fusions may have different clinicopathologic features; however, further in-depth investigations of subtyping Xp11 translocation-associated cancers are needed in order to explore more meaningful clinicopathologic correlations. A total of 22 unusual cases of Xp11 translocation-associated cancers were selected for the current study; 20 cases were further analyzed by RNA sequencing to explore their TFE3 gene fusion partners. RNA sequencing identified 17 of 20 cases (85%) with TFE3-associated gene fusions, including 4 ASPSCR1/ASPL-TFE3, 3 PRCC-TFE3, 3 SFPQ/PSF-TFE3, 1 NONO-TFE3, 4 MED15-TFE3, 1 MATR3-TFE3, and 1 FUBP1-TFE3. The results have been verified by fusion fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays or reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The remaining 2 cases with specific pathologic features highly suggestive of MED15-TFE3 renal cell carcinoma were identified by fusion FISH assay. We provide the detailed morphologic and immunophenotypic description of the MED15-TFE3 renal cell carcinomas, which frequently demonstrate extensively cystic architecture, similar to multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential, and expressed cathepsin K and melanotic biomarker Melan A. This is the first time to correlate the MED15-TFE3 renal cell carcinoma with specific clinicopathologic features. We also report the first case of the corresponding mesenchymal neoplasm with MED15-TFE3 gene fusion. Additional novel TFE3 gene fusion partners, MATR3 and FUBP1, were identified. Cases with ASPSCR1-TFE3, SFPQ-TFE3, PRCC-TFE3, and NONO-TFE3 gene fusion showed a wide variability in morphologic features, including invasive tubulopapillary pattern simulating collecting duct carcinoma, extensive calcification and ossification, and overlapping and high columnar cells with nuclear grooves mimicking tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Furthermore, we respectively evaluated the ability of TFE3 immunohistochemistry, TFE3 FISH, RT-PCR, and RNA sequencing to subclassify Xp11 translocation-associated cancers. In summary, our study expands the list of TFE3 gene fusion partners and the clinicopathologic features of Xp11 translocation-associated cancers, and highlights the importance of subtyping Xp11 translocation-associated cancers combining morphology, immunohistochemistry, and multiple molecular techniques.
Metaplastic thymoma is a rare thymic tumour characterized by Yes Associated Protein 1 (YAP1) and Mastermind Like Transcriptional Coactivator 2 (MAML2) gene fusions resulting from an intrachromosomal ...inversion of chromosome 11. Immunohistochemistry with an antibody directed against the C-terminus of YAP1 has shown loss of expression in YAP1-rearranged vascular neoplasms, poromas, and porocarcinomas. This study aimed to validate an anti-YAP1 C-terminal antibody as an ancillary immunohistochemical marker for the diagnosis of metaplastic thymoma.
Ten metaplastic thymomas were selected for the current study. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), next-generation sequencing (NGS), and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses were performed to detect YAP1::MAML2 fusions. We then performed immunohistochemistry to detect YAP1 C-terminus expression in 10 metaplastic thymomas, 50 conventional thymomas (10 each of type A thymoma, type AB thymoma, type B1 thymoma, type B2 thymoma, and type B3 thymoma) and seven thymic carcinomas.
All 10 cases showed narrow split signals with a distance of nearly two signal diameters and sometimes had false-negative results in YAP1 and MAML2 break-apart FISH (BA-FISH). Abnormal colocalized signals of the YAP1::MAML2 fusion were observed in all 10 cases using fusion FISH (F-FISH) assays. Eight of 10 cases with adequate nucleic acids were successfully sequenced and all showed YAP1::MAML2 fusions; in two cases the fusions were detected by both DNA and RNA sequencing and in six cases by RNA sequencing only. YAP1::MAML2 fusion transcripts were identified in four cases by RT-PCR. Metaplastic thymoma showed loss of YAP1 C-terminus expression in all 10 (100%) cases. All other thymic neoplasms showed retained YAP1 C-terminus expression.
YAP1 C-terminus immunohistochemistry is a highly sensitive and specific ancillary marker that distinguishes metaplastic thymoma from its mimics. BA-FISH assays could not effectively detect YAP1::MAML2 fusions due to the proximity of the two genes. Loss of YAP1 C-terminus expression is a reliable surrogate for the detection of YAP1::MAML2 fusions in metaplastic thymoma.
•Polyimide was used as a self-sacrifice template for fabricating Co@NCSS.•Co@NCSS exhibited excellent catalytic performance as PMS activator towards sulfonamides degradation.•1O2 was the dominant ...oxidative species in SMX degradation by Co@NCSS/PMS.•The decorated Co nanodots acted as the dominant catalytic sites for PMS activation.
Superstructures have attracted attention because of their potential applications in chemistry and materials science. In this work, we report the preparation of a porous 3D superstructure of nitrogen-doped carbon decorated with ultrafine cobalt nanodots (Co@NCSS) derived from the self-assembly of polyimide nanoparticles. Utilizing modified ultra-small cobalt nanodots as main catalytically active sites, and the excellent quality and electron transport efficiency generated by this 3D porous superstructure, Co@NCSS exhibited excellent catalytic performance as a peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator towards the degradation of several sulfonamides. Based on radical scavenging tests and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), singlet oxygen (1O2) was the dominant oxidative species. Furthermore, through the identification of degradation intermediates by HPLC-MS and DFT calculation, the pathway of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation by Co@NCSS/PMS was analyzed. The possible catalytic mechanism of Co@NCSS/PMS for SMX degradation is also proposed in this paper. Co@NCSS has the potential to be an ideal material for removing antibiotics from wastewater.
In recent years, graphene-based magnetic composites have attracted tremendous research interest owing to its exceptional properties, such as huge surface area, large delocalized π-electron system, ...strong magnetic responsiveness, and excellent mechanical/thermal stability. These promising properties together with the ease of processibility and functionalization render graphene-based magnetic composites to be ideal adsorbents in magnetic solid-phase extraction. In this review, we outline the state of the art on the preparation approaches for different graphene-based magnetic composites and its application as adsorbents in preconcentrating organic compounds, biological macromolecules, and metal ions. In addition, future research directions of this type of magnetic materials are identified as well.
•Graphene-based magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) was discussed.•The synthesis of different graphene-based magnetic composites (GMC) were reviewed.•Application of GMC as adsorbents for MSPE were summarized.•Future research directions of GMC were identified.
The novel amino-functionalized magnetic covalent organic framework nanocomposites (Fe3O4@NH2-COFs) were fabricated at room temperature, which were explored as a magnetic adsorbent for magnetic ...solid-phase extraction (MSPE). On the basis of the hydrophobic surfaces of magnetic nanocomposites and introduction of primary amines into the COFs shell, Fe3O4@NH2-COFs displayed excellent enrichment capacity in “catching” ultratrace perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from water samples because of the synergistic combination of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between PFAAs and Fe3O4@NH2-COFs. Under the optimized pretreatment and instrumental parameters, the proposed pretreatment approach, which hybridized MSPE using Fe3O4@NH2-COFs and HPLC-MS/MS, displayed favorable linearity (10–10,000 ng L−1) with R2 (0.9990–0.9999), low limits of detection (0.05–0.38 ng L−1), and excellent repeatability (3.7–9.2%). Moreover, the established approach was successfully utilized to determine PFAAs in real water samples with spiked recoveries ranging from 72.1% to 115.4%. Results indicated that Fe3O4@NH2-COFs would be a potential alternative for MSPE of PFAAs at ultra-low levels.
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•Fe3O4@NH2-COFs were synthesized firstly at room temperature.•Fe3O4@NH2-COFs exhibited excellent enrichment performance towards PFAAs.•Enrichment for PFAAs was enhanced by the introduce of amino group.•Fe3O4@NH2-COFs were used for the enrichment and analysis of PFAAs in real samples.
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•MIL-96 was developed as a coating fiber for solid-phase microextraction (SPME).•Key factors affecting the SPME procedure were investigated by SPSS software.•The developed SPME method ...showed an excellent performance for THMs and TCNM.•The developed SPME method can overcome the thermal degradation of TCNM.
Trihalomethanes (THMs) and halonitromethanes are the two most dominant categories of volatile disinfection by-products that pose considerable public health concerns. The pretreatment and determination methods of THMs in low concentrations, particularly trichloronitromethane (TCNM), have always been the focus of researchers. Metal-organic frameworks, which are effective adsorbents, have considerable potential for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) because of their tuned pore structure, large surface area, and high thermal and chemical stabilities. In this study, MIL-96 was successfully fabricated and developed as a coating fiber for SPME of THMs and TCNM in water samples. Several extraction parameters (i.e., extraction temperature, extraction time, stirring rate, pH, and ionic strength) and desorption parameters (i.e., temperature and time) were investigated and optimized in detail. Ionic strength, extraction temperature, and pH/desorption temperature were identified as key factors that affected the SPME efficiencies of THMs and TCNM. The developed method under optimal conditions obtained wide linearity (0.02–50 µg/L), low limits of detection (0.0030–0.0110 µg/L), and high enrichment factors (81–1181) for detecting THMs and TCNM. The spiked recoveries (1 and 10 µg/L) and relative standard deviations ranged from 81.0% to 109.9% and from 3.92% to 10.10%. Notably, the developed SPME method could overcome thermal degradation and showed excellent performance for TCNM. These results indicated the applicability of MIL-96 as coating fiber.
Peracetic acid (PAA) has garnered significant attention as a novel disinfectant owing to its remarkable oxidative capacity and minimal potential to generate byproducts. In this study, we prepared a ...novel catalyst, denoted as cobalt modified nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (Co@N-CNTs), and evaluated it for PAA activation. Modification with cobalt nanoparticles (∼4.8 nm) changed the morphology and structure of the carbon nanotubes, and greatly improved their ability to activate PAA. Co@N-CNTs/PAA catalytic system shows outstanding catalytic degradation ability of antiviral drugs. Under neutral conditions, with a dosage of 0.05 g/L Co@N-CNT-9.8 and 0.25 mM PAA, the removal efficiency of acyclovir (ACV) reached 98.3% within a mere 10 min. The primary reactive species responsible for effective pollutant degradation were identified as acetylperoxyl radicals (CH3C(O)OO•) and acetyloxyl radicals (CH3C(O)O•). In addition, density functional theory (DFT) proved that Co nanoparticles, as the main catalytic sites, were more likely to adsorb PAA and transfer more electrons than N-doped graphene. This study explored the feasibility of PAA degradation of antiviral drugs in sewage, and provided new insights for the application of heterogeneous catalytic PAA in environmental remediation.
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•Cobalt modified nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (Co@N-CNTs) was synthesized as a novel catalyst.•The modification of cobalt nanoparticles greatly improved the ability of catalyst to activate PAA.•Co@N-CNTs/PAA catalytic system shows outstanding catalytic degradation ability of antiviral drugs.•CH3C(O)OO• and CH3C(O)O• were identified as the primary species in Co@N-CNTs/PAA system.
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•Novel COF materials with high crystallinity and high specific surface area were used as precursors for cobalt nanoparticle supports.•The efficiency of SMZ degradation reached 92.4 % ...within 10 min by Co@COF/PMS.•1O2 was the dominant active species for SMZ degradation.•Co0, pyridine N, and graphitic N were the active sites of Co@COF.
In this work, new covalent organic framework (COF) materials with high crystallinity and large specific surface areas were used as cobalt-loaded supports. Cobalt nanoparticle-embedded nitrogen-doped carbon porous catalysts (Co@COF) were obtained by high-temperature pyrolysis of the COF materials and cobalt salts. With multiple active sites (Co0, pyridine N, and graphitic N), Co@COF exhibited superior catalytic properties for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation toward the degradation of sulfamerazine (SMZ). The efficiency of SMZ degradation reached 92.4 % within 10 min and the total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate reached 70.3 % within 30 min. Using radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis, sulfate radicals (SO4•−), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and singlet oxygen (1O2) were identified in this system, while 1O2 was the dominant active species for SMZ removal. The degradation intermediates of SMZ in Co@COF/PMS were monitored by high performance liquid chromatography–time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC–TOFMS).
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•A novel carbon-based single-atom cobalt catalyst was fabricated by low-temperature solvothermal treatment.•The kobs of Co-N5/CNT was 1.6 times higher than that of the Co-N4/CNT ...catalyst.•Atomically dispersed Co-N5 sites in the Co-N5/CNT were verified as the active sites.•The electron transfer mechanism was the primary pathway for SMZ degradation in Co-N5/CNT/PMS system.
Carbon-based single-atom cobalt catalysts exhibit high catalytic activity for the removal of novel pollutants in advanced oxidation processes. Here, atomically dispersed Co species with five-coordinated nitrogen atoms on carbon nanotubes (CNT) catalyst (Co-N5/CNT) was successfully fabricated via a low-temperature solvothermal reaction. The obtained Co-N5/CNT catalyst exhibited superior catalytic performance for PMS activation for sulfamerazine degradation. Its apparent rate constant kobs was 1.6 times higher than that of the Co-N4/CNT catalyst with four-coordinated nitrogen atoms prepared by the same method. Electron transfer non-radical mechanism was the main pathway for Co-N5/CNT to activate PMS. Higher single-atom cobalt metal loading (1.39 wt% vs 1.08 wt% in Co-N4/CNT) and significantly enhanced electron transfer ability (0.82 e vs 0.77 e in Co-N4/CNT) were the key factors for its superior catalytic performance. This work demonstrates a novel carbon-based single-atom cobalt catalyst for the removal of novel antibiotic contaminants by activating PMS in environmental catalysis applications.
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