The way of slip transformation and strain partitioning at the eastern termination of the Kunlun fault system remains unclear, and the question of whether this fault system is an important part for ...lateral extrusion of Tibetan crust is debatable. The Tazang fault is regarded as the easternmost continuation of the Kunlun fault system, and its late Quaternary activity is unknown. In this paper, we use displaced geomorphic features combined with radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating to determine millennial slip rates along the Tazang fault. Our data yield a 1.4–3.2mm/yr left-slip rate on the western Tazang fault, similar to that on the Maqu segment of the Kunlun fault. Tectonic geomorphology proposes that displacement on the Kunlun fault is probably transferred to the Tazang fault via a pull-apart basin. The eastern Tazang fault has a dominant reverse motion that decreases eastward from ~1.5mm/yr to 0.2–0.3mm/yr at the easternmost part. Displaced terraces indicate that the eastern strand of the northern Longriba fault is active in the Holocene and has a ~0.8mm/yr right-lateral slip rate with a ~0.3mm/yr reverse component. Millennial slip rates and geodetic results show that the decrease of left-lateral motion along the Tazang fault is mainly transformed into crustal shortening along the nearly N–S-trending Longriba, Minjiang, and Huya faults, probably resulting in uplift of the Min Shan. Our results also indicate that the deformation along the Tazang fault is not transferred to beyond the border of the plateau, and the Kunlun fault is not an important tectonics for Tibetan extrusion.
•Holocene slip rate on the Tazang fault.•The relationship between the master Kunlun fault system and Tazang fault.•Strain partitioning and kinematics at the eastern termination of the Kunlun fault.
Sugarcane is the main industrial crop for sugar production, and its growth status is closely related to fertilizer, water, and light input. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based multispectral imagery ...is widely used for high-throughput phenotyping, since it can rapidly predict crop vigor at field scale. This study focused on the potential of drone multispectral images in predicting canopy nitrogen concentration (CNC) and irrigation levels for sugarcane. An experiment was carried out in a sugarcane field with three irrigation levels and five fertilizer levels. Multispectral images at an altitude of 40 m were acquired during the elongating stage. Partial least square (PLS), backpropagation neural network (BPNN), and extreme learning machine (ELM) were adopted to establish CNC prediction models based on various combinations of band reflectance and vegetation indices. The simple ratio pigment index (SRPI), normalized pigment chlorophyll index (NPCI), and normalized green-blue difference index (NGBDI) were selected as model inputs due to their higher grey relational degree with the CNC and lower correlation between one another. The PLS model based on the five-band reflectance and the three vegetation indices achieved the best accuracy (
= 0.79,
= 0.11). Support vector machine (SVM) and BPNN were then used to classify the irrigation levels based on five spectral features which had high correlations with irrigation levels. SVM reached a higher accuracy of 80.6%. The results of this study demonstrated that high resolution multispectral images could provide effective information for CNC prediction and water irrigation level recognition for sugarcane crop.
Banana Fusarium wilt (BFW) is a devastating disease with no effective cure methods. Timely and effective detection of the disease and evaluation of its spreading trend will help farmers in making ...right decisions on plantation management. The main purpose of this study was to find the spectral features of the BFW-infected canopy and build the optimal BFW classification models for different stages of infection. A RedEdge-MX camera mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was used to collect multispectral images of a banana plantation infected with BFW in July and August 2020. Three types of spectral features were used as the inputs of classification models, including three-visible-band images, five-multispectral-band images, and vegetation indices (VIs). Four supervised methods including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Back Propagation Neural Networks (BPNN) and Logistic Regression (LR), and two unsupervised methods including Hotspot Analysis (HA) and Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique Algorithm (ISODATA) were adopted to detect the BFW-infected canopies. Comparing to the healthy canopies, the BFW-infected canopies had higher reflectance in the visible region, but lower reflectance in the NIR region. The classification results showed that most of the supervised and unsupervised methods reached excellent accuracies. Among all the supervised methods, RF based on the five-multispectral-band was considered as the optimal model, with higher overall accuracy (OA) of 97.28% and faster running time of 22 min. For the unsupervised methods, HA reached high and balanced OAs of more than 95% based on the selected VIs derived from the red and NIR band, especially for WDRVI, NDVI, and TDVI. By comprehensively evaluating the classification results of different metrics, the unsupervised method HA was recommended for BFW recognition, especially in the late stage of infection; the supervised method RF was recommended in the early stage of infection to reach a slightly higher accuracy. The results found in this study could give advice for banana plantation management and provide approaches for plant disease detection.
In order to solve the problem of lack of natural river sand, crushed waste oyster shells (WOS) were used to replace river sand. By replacing 20% river sand, WOS mortar with different particle sizes ...of WOS were made for the experiment. Through experimental observation, the initial slump and slump flow loss rate were studied. The effects of different particle sizes and curing times on the compressive strength, flexural strength, static elastic modulus, and dry shrinkage of WOS mortar were analyzed. The relationship formulas between the compressive strength, flexural strength, particle size, and curing age were proposed. The results showed that the setting time and slump flow decreased with a decrease in the particle size of WOS. It was also found that the mortar with fine crushed WOS had high compressive strength, flexural strength, and static elastic modulus at both early and long-term curing age. A formula was proposed to describe the development of the compressive strength with the particle size of WOS and curing time, and the relations among these mechanical properties were discussed. Furthermore, drying shrinkage increased when WOS was used and could not satisfy the standard requirement of 0.075%. In contrast, the addition of fine WOS and double-dose sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde superplasticizer (SNF SP) reduced the shrinkage rate of the mortar by 8.35% and provided better workability and mechanical properties for mortar.
Farmers must accurately and promptly identify sugarcane leaf diseases with identical symptoms. RGB images have a beneficial function in disease identification. Nevertheless, complex backgrounds and ...identical symptoms can significantly reduce the recognition accuracy and robustness. To overcome these challenges, the SLViT hybrid network is presented, in which the transformer encoder is converted to a flexible plug-in (LViT) that is subsequently integrated into several locations of a lightweight CNN architecture (SHDC). SLViT is initially trained on the publicly available disease dataset Plant Village before being moved to the self-created sugarcane leaf disease dataset SLD10k, which consists of seven classes and 10,309 images. The ablation experiments demonstrate that all the adjustments to SLViT have contributed positively to its overall performance. SLViT outperforms six SOTA models and three custom-designed leaf-disease recognition models on Plant Village in terms of speed (1,832 FPS), weight (2 MB), consumption (50 M), and precision (98.84 %). SLViT also outperformed MobileNetV3_small on the SLD10k dataset with an accuracy bonus of 1.87 % and a size reduction of 66.3 %. The experiment also reveals that SLViT has absorbed the advantages of both the lightweight CNN and the noise-resistant transformer. This study demonstrates the applicability of SLViT for sugarcane leaf diagnosis in the field.
Abstract
Salmonella serotype (ser.) Enteritidis
infection in broilers is a main foodborne illness that substantially threatens food security. This study aimed to examine the effects of a novel ...polysaccharide isolated from alfalfa (APS) on the intestinal microbiome and systemic health of
S. ser. Enteritidis-
infected broilers. The results indicated that broilers receiving the APS-supplemented diet had the improved (
P
< 0.05) growth performance and gut health than those fed no APS-supplemented diet. Supplementation with APS enhanced (
P
< 0.05) the richness of gut beneficial microbes such as
Bacteroidetes
,
Barnesiella
,
Parabacteroides
,
Butyricimonas
, and
Prevotellaceae
, while decreased (
P
< 0.05) the abundance of facultative anaerobic bacteria including
Proteobacteri
a,
Actinobacteria
,
Ruminococcaceae
,
Lachnospiraceae
, and
Burkholderiaceae
in the
S. ser. Enteritidis
-infected broilers. The
Bacteroides
and
Odoribacter
were identified as the two core microbes across all treatments and combined with their syntrophic microbes formed the hub in co-occurrence networks linking microbiome structure to performance of broilers. Taken together, dietary APS supplementation improved the systemic health of broilers by reshaping the intestinal microbiome regardless of whether
S. ser. Enteritidis
infection was present. Therefore, APS can be employed as a potential functional additives to inhibit the
S. ser. Enteritidis
and enhance the food safety in poultry farming.
Many patients with stroke are suffering lower limb locomotor dysfunctions all over the world. Body weight supported treadmill training has proven to be an effective post-stroke rehabilitation ...training method for these people’s recovery. Nowadays, lower extremity rehabilitation exoskeleton composed of a pair of mechanical legs has been introduced into body weight supported treadmill training, which can guide and assist the movements of the patient’s legs. However, active movements of the patient are hardly to be achieved when the rehabilitation exoskeleton is controlled by a commonly utilized position-based passive strategy. Considering the restriction above, a weight supported rehabilitation training exoskeleton device was designed in this paper to ensure the stroke patient can participate in rehabilitation training voluntarily. To realize this goal, a patient-cooperative rehabilitation training strategy based on adaptive impedance control is adopted for the swing phase in the training. Human–exoskeleton interaction torques are evaluated by a backpropagation neural network and a disturbance observer whose stability is proved by Lyapunov’s law. With no additional demand of interaction torque sensors, the complexity of this system is simplified and the cost is reduced. In order to promote the involvement of patient during the rehabilitation training, fuzzy algorithm is used to adjust the impedance parameters according to the human–exoskeleton interaction torques. The effectiveness of the whole rehabilitation control strategy is demonstrated by experimental results.
The asymmetrical sulfur analog of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), thieno3,4-b-1,4-oxathiane (EOTT), was synthesized, and its electropolymerization was comparatively investigated by employing ...different solvent–electrolyte systems (room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BmimPF6), CH2Cl2–Bu4NPF6, and CH2Cl2–BmimPF6). Further, the effect of solvents and supporting electrolytes on the structure, morphology, electrochemical, electronic, and optical properties and electrochromic performance of the obtained poly(thieno3,4-b-1,4-oxathiane) (PEOTT) films were minutely studied. PEOTT film with a band gap (E g) of about 1.6 eV could be facilely electrodeposited in all the solvent-electrolytes and displayed excellent electroactivity, outstanding redox stability in a wide potential window, and improved thermal stability. Cyclic voltammetry showed that EOTT could be electropolymerized at a lower oxidation potential in BmimPF6 (∼1.0 V vs Ag/AgCl) due to several advantanges of RTIL BmimPF6 itself, such as high intrinsic conductivity and mild chemical conditions, etc., and the resulting PEOTT film exhibited compact morphology with better electroactivity and stability and higher electrical conductivity. On the other hand, PEOTT films from all the sovent-electrolytes also showed the electrochromic nature by color changing from gray blue to green, and further kinetic studies revealed that PEOTT had decent contrast ratios (36%), higher coloration efficiencies (212 cm2/C in BmimPF6), low switching voltages, moderate response time (1.2 s), excellent stability, and color persistence. From these results, PEOTT provides more plentiful electrochromic colors and holds promise for display applications.
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