Phylogenetic relationships in Rosaceae have long been problematic because of frequent hybridisation, apomixis and presumed rapid radiation, and their historical diversification has not been ...clarified.
With 87 genera representing all subfamilies and tribes of Rosaceae and six of the other eight families of Rosales (outgroups), we analysed 130 newly sequenced plastomes together with 12 from GenBank in an attempt to reconstruct deep relationships and reveal temporal diversification of this family.
Our results highlight the importance of improving sequence alignment and the use of appropriate substitution models in plastid phylogenomics. Three subfamilies and 16 tribes (as previously delimited) were strongly supported as monophyletic, and their relationships were fully resolved and strongly supported at most nodes. Rosaceae were estimated to have originated during the Late Cretaceous with evidence for rapid diversification events during several geological periods. The major lineages rapidly diversified in warm and wet habits during the Late Cretaceous, and the rapid diversification of genera from the early Oligocene onwards occurred in colder and drier environments.
Plastid phylogenomics offers new and important insights into deep phylogenetic relationships and the diversification history of Rosaceae. The robust phylogenetic backbone and time estimates we provide establish a framework for future comparative studies on rosaceous evolution.
Membrane technology has gained great interest in industrial separation processing over the past few decades owing to its high energy efficiency, small capital investment, environmentally benign ...characteristics, and the continuous operation process. Among various types of membranes, mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) combining the merits of the polymer matrix and inorganic/organic fillers have been extensively investigated. With the rapid development of chemistry and materials science, recent studies have shifted toward the design and application of advanced porous materials as promising fillers to boost the separation performance of MMMs. Here, first a comprehensive overview is provided on the choices of advanced porous materials recently adopted in MMMs, including metal–organic frameworks, porous organic frameworks, and porous molecular compounds. Novel trends in MMMs induced by these advanced porous fillers are discussed in detail, followed by a summary of applying these MMMs for gas and liquid separations. Finally, a concise conclusion and current challenges toward the industrial implementation of MMMs are outlined, hoping to provide guidance for the design of high‐performance membranes to meet the urgent needs of clean energy and environmental sustainability.
The recent research progress in exploring various types of advanced porous materials as promising fillers in mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) is summarized. Along with this, novel MMM design and enhanced membrane separation performance induced by these advanced porous fillers are discussed in detail. Finally, current challenges and future directions for industrial implementation of these MMMs are highlighted.
Abstract
Large-scale perturbation databases, such as Connectivity Map (CMap) or Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures (LINCS), provide enormous opportunities for computational ...pharmacogenomics and drug design. A reason for this is that in contrast to classical pharmacology focusing at one target at a time, the transcriptomics profiles provided by CMap and LINCS open the door for systems biology approaches on the pathway and network level. In this article, we provide a review of recent developments in computational pharmacogenomics with respect to CMap and LINCS and related applications.
Angiosperms are by far the most species-rich clade of land plants, but their origin and early evolutionary history remain poorly understood. We reconstructed angiosperm phylogeny based on 80 genes ...from 2,881 plastid genomes representing 85% of extant families and all orders. With a well-resolved plastid tree and 62 fossil calibrations, we dated the origin of the crown angiosperms to the Upper Triassic, with major angiosperm radiations occurring in the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous. This estimated crown age is substantially earlier than that of unequivocal angiosperm fossils, and the difference is here termed the 'Jurassic angiosperm gap'. Our time-calibrated plastid phylogenomic tree provides a highly relevant framework for future comparative studies of flowering plant evolution.
Spiraea is a genus of deciduous shrubs that contains 80-120 species, is mainly distributed in the Northern Hemisphere and has diversified in East Asia. Spiraea species are cultivated as ornamental ...plants and some are used in traditional herbal medicine. Based on morphological characteristics and genetic markers, phylogenetic classification exhibits low discriminatory power.
In present study, we assembled and characterized the chloroplast (cp) genomes of ten Spiraea species and comparatively analysed with five reported cp genomes of this genus. The cp genomes of the fifteen Spiraea species, ranging from 155,904 to 158,637 bp in length, were very conserved and no structural rearrangements occurred. A total of 85 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 37 tRNAs and 8 rRNAs were annotated. We also examined 1,010 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci, most of which had A/T base preference. Comparative analysis of cp genome demonstrated that single copy and non-coding regions were more divergent than the inverted repeats (IRs) and coding regions and six mutational hotspots were detected. Selection pressure analysis showed that all PCGs were under purifying selection. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete cp genome data showed that Spiraea formed a monophyletic group and was further divided into two major clades. Infrageneric classification in each clade was supported with a high resolution value. Moreover, the phylogenetic trees based on each individual mutational hotspot segment and their combined dataset also consisted of two major clades, but most of the phylogenetic relationships of interspecies were not well supported.
Although the cp genomes of Spiraea species exhibited high conservation in genome structure, gene content and order, a large number of polymorphism sites and several mutation hotspots were identified in whole cp genomes, which might be sufficiently used as molecular markers to distinguish Spiraea species. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete cp genome indicated that infrageneric classification in two major clades was supported with high resolution values. Therefore, the cp genome data of the genus Spiraea will be effective in resolving the phylogeny in this genus.
Given the environmental benefits, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)‐based composite powder coating was developed without using any harmful solvent. However, it still remains poor adhesion to ...substrates and low compatibility to acrylic resin issues. To address these challenges, PVDF was grafted with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) through a facile and scalable reactive extrusion method. The resulting product, PVDF‐g‐GMA, was then mixed with different contents of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and the mixing was sprayed onto aluminum substrates. The PVDF‐g‐GMA/PMMA powder coating shows the excellent adhesion and corrosion resistance, particularly when the PMMA content is 30 wt%, owning to the good compatibility of PVDF‐g‐GMA and PMMA. This work opens up a new possibilities for the development of advanced composite powder coatings with improved performance characteristics.
In this article, the glycidyl methacrylate was successfully grafted onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) molecular chain by a simple melt extrusion grafting method. Then the grafts were blended with different contents of polymethyl methacrylate to prepare PVDF powder coating with good adhesion and high corrosion resistance.
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a heterogeneous disease with features that vary by ethnicity. A systematic characterization of the genomic landscape of Chinese ccRCC is lacking, and ...features of ccRCC associated with tumor thrombus (ccRCC-TT) remain poorly understood. Here, we applied whole-exome sequencing on 110 normal-tumor pairs and 42 normal-tumor-thrombus triples, and transcriptome sequencing on 61 tumor-normal pairs and 30 primary-thrombus pairs from 152 Chinese patients with ccRCC. Our analysis reveals that a mutational signature associated with aristolochic acid (AA) exposure is widespread in Chinese ccRCC. Tumors from patients with ccRCC-TT show a higher mutational burden and genomic instability; in addition, mutations in BAP1 and SETD2 are highly enriched in patients with ccRCC-TT. Moreover, patients with/without TT show distinct molecular characteristics. We reported the integrative genomic sequencing of Chinese ccRCC and identified the features associated with tumor thrombus, which may facilitate ccRCC diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.
var.
, an endemic and endangered plant of China, is one of the key ancestors of modern roses and a source for famous traditional Chinese medicines against female diseases, such as irregular menses ...and dysmenorrhea. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of
var.
was sequenced, analyzed, and compared to congeneric species. The cp genome of
var.
is a typical quadripartite circular molecule of 156,590 bp in length, including one large single copy (LSC) region of 85,910 bp and one small single copy (SSC) region of 18,762 bp, separated by two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,959 bp. The GC content of the whole genome is 37.2%, while that of LSC, SSC, and IR is 42.8%, 35.2% and 31.2%, respectively. The genome encodes 129 genes, including 84 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 37 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and eight ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Seventeen genes in the IR regions were found to be duplicated. Thirty-three forward and five inverted repeats were detected in the cp genome of
var.
The genome is rich in SSRs. In total, 85 SSRs were detected. A genome comparison revealed that IR contraction might be the reason for the relatively smaller cp genome size of
var.
compared to other congeneric species. Sequence analysis revealed that the LSC and SSC regions were more divergent than the IR regions within the genus
and that a higher divergence occurred in non-coding regions than in coding regions. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the sampled species of the genus
formed a monophyletic clade and that
var. s
shared a more recent ancestor with
of the section
than with
var.
of the section
. This information will be useful for the conservation genetics of
var.
and for the phylogenetic study of the genus
, and it might also facilitate the genetics and breeding of modern roses.
•Shuttle/flower-like hydroxyapatie crystals have been synthesized under the combined action of sodium citrate and F127.•The morphology of the HAP particles evolved from nanoshuttles to hierarchical ...microflowers.•The HAP microflower exhibits fast adsorption ability for heavy metal ions.
Shuttle/flower-like hydroxyapatie crystals have been fabricated by a simple hydrothermal treatment under the combined action of sodium citrate and a pluronic triblock copolymer (F127). The morphology characterization results demonstrate that the hierarchical flower-like hydroxyapatite microcrystals are evolved from the one-dimensional hydroxyapatie nanoshuttles. The effects of the additives and hydrothermal time on the morphology are studied. Based on the experiment results, this work presents a possible growth mechanism for the hydroxyapatite morphology. Remarkably, the adsorption experiments results exhibit that the HAP microflower have fast adsorption ability for heavy metal ions.
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) was grafted with maleic anhydride through reactive extrusion by using diisopropyl benzene peroxide as an initiator and 9-vinyl anthracene as a stabilizer. Effects of various ...parameters on grafting degree were investigated including the amounts of monomer, initiator and stabilizer. The maximum extent of grafting achieved was 0.74%. The graft polymers were characterized using FTIR, water contact angle, thermal, mechanical and XRD studies. Improved hydrophilic and mechanical properties were observed for graft polymers.
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