In recent years, an extensive integration of cyber, physical and social spaces has been occurring. Cyber-Physical-Social Systems (CPSSs) have become the basic paradigm of evolution in the information ...industry, through which traditional computer science will evolve into cyber-physical-social computational science. Intelligent recommender systems, which are an important fundamental research topic in the CPSS field and one of the key techniques for the implementation of personalized and intelligent computing, have great significance in CPSS development. This paper proposes a group-centric recommender system in the CPSS domain, which consists of activity-oriented group discovery, the revision of rating data for improved accuracy, and group preference modeling that supports sufficient context mining from multiple sources. Through experiments, it is verified that the proposed recommender system is efficient, objective and accurate, thereby providing a strong foundation for personalized computing in the CPSS paradigm.
Beyond conventional porous materials, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have aroused great interest in the construction of nanocatalysts with the characteristics of catalytically active nanoparticles ...(NPs) confined into the cavities/channels of MOFs or surrounded by MOFs. The advantages of adopting MOFs as the encapsulating matrix are multifold: uniform and long‐range ordered cavities can effectively promote the mass transfer and diffusion of substrates and products, while the diverse metal nodes and tunable organic linkers may enable outstanding synergy functions with the encapsulated active NPs. Herein, some key issues related to MOFs for catalysis are discussed. Then, state‐of‐the art progress in the encapsulation of catalytically active NPs by MOFs as well as their synergy functions for enhanced catalytic performance in the fields of thermo‐, photo‐, and electrocatalysis are summarized. Notably, encapsulation‐structured nanocatalysts exhibit distinct advantages over conventional supported catalysts, especially in terms of the catalytic selectivity and stability. Finally, challenges and future developments in MOF‐based encapsulation‐structured nanocatalysts are proposed. The aim is to deliver better insight into the design of well‐defined nanocatalysts with atomically accurate structures and high performance in challenging reactions.
Compared with conventional supported catalysts, controllable encapsulation of catalytically active nanoparticles by porous metal–organic frameworks can exhibit intriguing features, such as uniform catalytic interface, strong interactions, the pore confinement effect, high stability, and outstanding designability, all of which contribute to the design and construction of high‐performance nanocatalysts.
Organelle‐targeted photosensitizers have been reported to be effective photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents. In this work, we designed and synthesized two iridium(III) complexes that specifically stain ...the mitochondria and lysosomes of living cells, respectively. Both complexes exhibited long‐lived phosphorescence, which is sensitive to oxygen quenching. The photocytotoxicity of the complexes was evaluated under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The results showed that HeLa cells treated with the mitochondria‐targeted complex maintained a slower respiration rate, leading to a higher intracellular oxygen level under hypoxia. As a result, this complex exhibited an improved PDT effect compared to the lysosome‐targeted complex, especially under hypoxia conditions, suggestive of a higher practicable potential of mitochondria‐targeted PDT agents in cancer therapy.
Two IrIII complexes, Ir‐P(ph)3 and Ir‐alkyl, were designed and synthesized to evaluate the mitochondria‐ and lysosome‐targeted PDT effect under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. As Ir‐P(ph)3‐treated cells could maintain a relatively high mitochondrial oxygen content under hypoxia, the mitochondria‐targeted complex Ir‐P(ph)3 showed a superior PDT effect than lysosome‐targeted complex Ir‐alkyl.
A convenient, fast and selective water analysis method is highly desirable in industrial and detection processes. Here a robust microporous Zn-MOF (metal-organic framework, Zn(hpi2cf)(DMF)(H
O)) is ...assembled from a dual-emissive H
hpi2cf (5-(2-(5-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl)isophthalic acid) ligand that exhibits characteristic excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT). This Zn-MOF contains amphipathic micropores (<3 Å) and undergoes extremely facile single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation driven by reversible removal/uptake of coordinating water molecules simply stimulated by dry gas blowing or gentle heating at 70 °C, manifesting an excellent example of dynamic reversible coordination behaviour. The interconversion between the hydrated and dehydrated phases can turn the ligand ESIPT process on or off, resulting in sensitive two-colour photoluminescence switching over cycles. Therefore, this Zn-MOF represents an excellent PL water-sensing material, showing a fast (on the order of seconds) and highly selective response to water on a molecular level. Furthermore, paper or in situ grown ZnO-based sensing films have been fabricated and applied in humidity sensing (RH<1%), detection of traces of water (<0.05% v/v) in various organic solvents, thermal imaging and as a thermometer.
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) are exciting and novel targets for cancer drug discovery that work in concert with protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) in controlling cellular homeostasis. Given the ...activating role that some PTKs play in initiating growth factor-mediated cellular processes, PTPs are usually perceived as the negative regulators of these events and therefore tumor suppressive in nature. However, mounting evidence indicate that PTPs do not always antagonize the activity of PTKs in regulating tyrosine phosphorylation, but can also play dominant roles in the initiation and progression of signaling cascades that regulate cell functions. It follows, therefore, that PTP malfunction can actively contribute to a host of human disorders, in particular, cancer, metabolic syndromes, and autoimmune diseases. The Src homology domain containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) and the three-membered family of phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRL) are infamously oncogenic members of the PTP superfamily. Both are established regulators of major cancer pathways such as Ras/ERK1/2, Src, JAK/STAT, JNK, NF-κB, and PTEN/PI3K/AKT. Furthermore, upregulation, mutation, or other dysregulation of these PTPs has been positively correlated with cancer initiation and progression. This review will provide topical coverage of target validation and drug discovery efforts made in targeting these oncogenic PTPs as compelling candidates for cancer therapy.
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Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a key regulatory process in virtually all aspects of cellular functions. Dysregulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a major cause of human diseases, such ...as cancers, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and neurological diseases. Indeed, protein tyrosine phosphorylation-mediated signaling events offer ample therapeutic targets, and drug discovery efforts to date have brought over two dozen kinase inhibitors to the clinic. Accordingly, protein tyrosine phosphatases （PTPs） are considered next-generation drug targets. For instance, PTPIB is a well-known targets of type 2 diabetes and obesity, and recent studies indicate that it is also a promising target for breast cancer. SHP2 is a bona-fide oncoprotein, mutations of which cause juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and solid tumors. In addition, LYP is strongly associated with type I diabetes and many other autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes recent findings on several highly recognized PTP family drug targets, including PTPIB, Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase 2 （SHP2）, lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase （LYP）, CD45, Fas associated phosphatase-1 （FAP-1）, striatal enriched tyrosine phosphatases （STEP）, mitogen-activated protein kinase/dual-specificity phosphatase 1 （MKP-1）, phosphatases of regenerating liver-1 （PRL）, low molecular weight PTPs （LMWPTP）, and CDC25. Given that there are over 100 family members, we hope this review will serve as a road map for innovative drug discovery targeting PTPs.
Microbiota is just beginning to be recognized as an important player in carcinogenesis and the interplay among microbes is greater than expected. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly ...lethal disease for which mortality closely parallels incidence. Early detection would provide the best opportunity to increase survival rates. Specific well-studied oral, gastrointestinal, and intrapancreatic microbes and some kinds of hepatotropic viruses and bactibilia may have potential etiological roles in pancreatic carcinogenesis, or modulating individual responses to oncotherapy. Concrete mechanisms mainly involve perpetuating inflammation, regulating the immune system-microbe-tumor axis, affecting metabolism, and altering the tumor microenvironment. The revolutionary technology of omics has generated insight into cancer microbiomes. A better understanding of the microbiota in PDAC might lead to the establishment of screening or early-stage diagnosis methods, implementation of cancer bacteriotherapy, adjustment of therapeutic efficacy even alleviating the adverse effects, creating new opportunities and fostering hope for desperate PDAC patients.
Because CO2 is the main greenhouse gas, its capture and catalytic conversion are thought to be significant issues to be solved at the current time. Given the thermodynamically stable and inert nature ...of CO2, it is highly desirable to develop advanced catalysts to facilitate the transformation of CO2 to other high-value-added chemicals under mild conditions. Within this regard, porous organic polymers (POPs), featuring large surface areas, high thermal stabilities, diverse building blocks, and tunable porous structures, are an ideal platform for the construction of heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 conversion. Incorporating active sites that are capable of activating CO2 and/or substrates into the frameworks of POPs can facilitate CO2 conversion. In this Review, the most recent advances in the design and synthesis of POP-based heterogeneous catalysts for the conversion of CO2 are summarized. We mainly focus on the synthetic strategies researchers have used for incorporating active sites into POP frameworks to prepare heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 conversion, including N-doping, metalation, and ionic functionalization. Problems remaining to be addressed in this field are analyzed, and future directions are outlined.
The well-known hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) volcano plot describes the relationship between H binding energy and the corresponding hydrogen evolution catalytic activity, which depends on the ...species of metal. Under CO2/CO reduction conditions or in cases where CO impurities enter electrodes, the catalyst may exist under a high coverage of coadsorbed CO. We present DFT calculations that suggest that coadsorbed CO during hydrogen evolution will weaken the binding strength between H and the catalyst surface. For metals on the right-hand side (too weak of hydrogen binding) this should lead to a suppression of the HER, as has been reported for metals such as Cu and Pt. However, for metals on the left-hand side of the volcano (too strong of hydrogen binding), this may actually enhance the kinetics of the hydrogen evolution reaction, although this effect will be countered by a decreased availability of sites for HER, which are blocked by CO. We performed experiments in Ar and CO2 environments of two representative metals that bind CO on the far right- and left-hand side of the volcano, namely, Cu and Mo (respectively). On Cu, we find that the CO2 environment suppresses HER, which is consistent with previous findings. However, on Mo we find that the CO2 environment enhances HER in the kinetically active region. This helps to explain the outstanding performance of copper in CO2 reduction and suggests that searches for high-selectivity CO2/CO reduction catalysts may benefit from focusing on the right-hand side of the HER volcano. This also suggests principles for assessing the activity of catalysts for fuel cell and electrolysis reactions in which impurities such as CO may be present.
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