Change detection (CD) is an important remote sensing (RS) data analysis technology. Existing remote sensing change detection (RS-CD) technologies cannot fully consider situations where pixels between ...bitemporal images do not correspond well on a one-to-one basis due to factors such as seasonal changes and lighting conditions. Existing networks construct two identical feature extraction branches through convolution, which share weights. The two branches work independently and do not merge until the feature mapping is sent to the decoder head. This results in a lack of feature information interaction between the two images. So, directing attention to the change area is of research interest. In complex backgrounds, the loss of edge details is very important. Therefore, this paper proposes a new CD algorithm that extracts multi-scale feature information through the backbone network in the coding stage. According to the task characteristics of CD, two submodules (the Feature Interaction Module and Detail Feature Guidance Module) are designed to make the feature information between the bitemporal RS images fully interact. Thus, the edge details are restored to the greatest extent while fully paying attention to the change areas. Finally, in the decoding stage, the feature information of different levels is fully used for fusion and decoding operations. We build a new CD dataset to further verify and test the model’s performance. The generalization and robustness of the model are further verified by using two open datasets. However, due to the relatively simple construction of the model, it cannot handle the task of multi-classification CD well. Therefore, further research on multi-classification CD algorithms is recommended. Moreover, due to the high production cost of CD datasets and the difficulty in obtaining them in practical tasks, future research will look into semi-supervised or unsupervised related CD algorithms.
We study the resource allocation (RA) problem in a multiuser OFDM-based cognitive radio (CR) system for non-realtime (NRT) applications in which average user data rates are to be maintained ...proportionally. In contrast to existing algorithms designed for multiuser OFDM systems, which are unable to guarantee users proportional rates when applied in a CR system, the proposed optimal RA algorithm ensures that CR user rates are maintained in proportion to predefined target rates while at the same time providing an improved system throughput.
To investigate the risk factors for recurrence in patients with early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after minimally invasive treatment with curative intent, then to construct a prediction ...model based on Lasso-Cox regression and visualize the model built.
Clinical data were collected from 547 patients that received minimally invasive treatment in our hospital from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2016. Lasso regression was used to screen risk factors for recurrence. Then we established Cox proportional hazard regression model and random survival forest model including several parameters screened by Lasso regression. An optimal model was selected by comparing the values of C-index, then the model was visualized and the nomogram was finally plotted.
The variables screened by Lasso regression including age, gender, cirrhosis, tumor number, tumor size, platelet-albumin-bilirubin index (PALBI), and viral load were incorporated in the Cox model and random survival forest model (P<0.05). The C-index of these two models in the training sets was 0.729 and 0.708, and was 0.726 and 0.700 in the validation sets, respectively. So we finally chose Lasso-Cox regression model, and the calibration curve in the validation set performed well, indicating that the model built has a better predictive ability. And then a nomogram was plotted based on the model chosen to visualize the results.
The present study established a nomogram for predicting recurrence in patients with early-stage HCC based on the Lasso-Cox regression model. This nomogram was of some guiding significance for screening populations at high risk of recurrence after treatment, by which doctors can formulate individualized follow-up strategies or treatment protocols according to the predicted risk of relapse for patients to improve the long-term prognosis.
SARS-CoV-2 variants could induce immune escape by mutations on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain (NTD). Here we report the humoral immune response to circulating SARS-CoV-2 ...variants, such as 501Y.V2 (B.1.351), of the plasma and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) elicited by CoronaVac (inactivated vaccine), ZF2001 (RBD-subunit vaccine) and natural infection. Among 86 potent NAbs identified by high-throughput single-cell VDJ sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from vaccinees and convalescents, near half anti-RBD NAbs showed major neutralization reductions against the K417N/E484K/N501Y mutation combination, with E484K being the dominant cause. VH3-53/VH3-66 recurrent antibodies respond differently to RBD variants, and K417N compromises the majority of neutralizing activity through reduced polar contacts with complementarity determining regions. In contrast, the 242-244 deletion (242-244Δ) would abolish most neutralization activity of anti-NTD NAbs by interrupting the conformation of NTD antigenic supersite, indicating a much less diversity of anti-NTD NAbs than anti-RBD NAbs. Plasma of convalescents and CoronaVac vaccinees displayed comparable neutralization reductions against pseudo- and authentic 501Y.V2 variants, mainly caused by E484K/N501Y and 242-244Δ, with the effects being additive. Importantly, RBD-subunit vaccinees exhibit markedly higher tolerance to 501Y.V2 than convalescents, since the elicited anti-RBD NAbs display a high diversity and are unaffected by NTD mutations. Moreover, an extended gap between the third and second doses of ZF2001 leads to better neutralizing activity and tolerance to 501Y.V2 than the standard three-dose administration. Together, these results suggest that the deployment of RBD-vaccines, through a third-dose boost, may be ideal for combating SARS-CoV-2 variants when necessary, especially for those carrying mutations that disrupt the NTD supersite.
A successful human pregnancy requires the maternal immune system to recognize and tolerate the semi-allogeneic fetus, allowing for appropriate trophoblasts invasion and protecting the fetus from ...invading pathogens. Therefore, maternal immunity is critical for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, especially at the maternal-fetal interface. Anatomically, the maternal-fetal interface has both maternally- and fetally- derived cells, including fetal originated trophoblasts and maternal derived immune cells and stromal cells. Besides, a commensal microbiota in the uterus was supposed to aid the unique immunity in pregnancy. The appropriate crosstalk between fetal derived and maternal originated cells and uterine microbiota are critical for normal pregnancy. Dysfunctional maternal-fetal interactions might be associated with the development of pregnancy complications. This review elaborates the latest knowledge on the interactions between trophoblasts and decidual immune cells, highlighting their critical roles in maternal-fetal tolerance and pregnancy development. We also characterize the role of commensal bacteria in promoting pregnancy progression. Furthermore, this review may provide new thought on future basic research and the development of clinical applications for pregnancy complications.
The microbial ecosystem in the udders of dairy cows directly influences the flavor and quality of milk. However, to our knowledge, no published research has analyzed the complex relationship between ...the udder microbiome and its associated metabolism in animals with subclinical mastitis. We identified the bacterial species and measured relative population numbers in the milk of cows with subclinical
Streptococcus agalactiae
mastitis (GBS) and compared this information to that from the milk of healthy cows. Metabolite profiles were determined to investigate correlations between the milk microbiota and metabolic factors in healthy vs. GBS dairy cows. Six milk samples from GBS cows and six from healthy cows were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing to identify the microbial species using a MiSeq high-throughput sequencing apparatus. The metabolites present in the milk were identified by gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Both principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis indicated that the metabolites were well-separated from each other in the milk samples from the two groups. GBS dramatically altered microbial diversity, and the GBS group had significantly fewer
Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria
, and
Acidobacteria
than the CON group, with greater relative abundance of
Firmicutes
(
p
< 0.01). Several bacterial genera, such as
Streptococcus
, were significantly more abundant in milk from the GBS group than in milk from the CON group, and there was a tendency for greater abundance of
Turicibacter
(
p
= 0.07) and
Enterococcus
spp. (
p
= 0.07) in the GBS group. The levels of five milk metabolites were significantly higher in the GBS group than in the CON group: phenylpyruvic acid, the homogentisic acid: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid ratio, the xanthine: guanine ratio, uridine and glycerol. Metabolic pathway analysis of the different metabolites revealed that the following were enriched in both groups: galactose metabolism; pentose and glucuronate interconversion; starch and sucrose metabolism; alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; arginine biosynthesis; citrate cycle (TCA cycle);
D
-glutamine and
D
-glutamate metabolism; and the neomycin, kanamycin, and gentamicin biosynthesis pathways. Several typical metabolites were highly correlated with specific ruminal bacteria, such as
Streptococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacillaceae
and
Corynebacteriaceae
, demonstrating the functional correlations between the milk microbiome and associated metabolites. These findings revealed that the milk microbiota and metabolite profiles were significantly different between the two groups of cows, raising the question of whether the microbiota associated with the bovine mammary gland could be related to mammary gland health. There was also a relationship between milk quality and the presence of spoilage bacteria. Other bacterial taxa should be investigated, as related information may provide insights into how perturbations in milk metabolomics profiles relate to differences in milk synthesis between healthy cows and those with subclinical mastitis.
We report here an efficient and green method for Biginelli condensation reaction of aldehydes, β-ketoesters and urea or thiourea catalyzed by Brønsted acidic ionic liquid Bttop-TSA under solvent-free ...conditions. Compared to the classical Biginelli reaction conditions, the present method has the advantages of giving good yields, short reaction times, near room temperature conditions and the avoidance of the use of organic solvents and metal catalyst.
The present study investigated the impact of energy- and economy-related variables on CO
2
emissions in 49 countries of the Belt and Road Initiative from 1995–2018. The robust type of cross-section ...dependence and heterogeneity methods was adopted to analyze data set of countries. Energy consumption, foreign direct investment, medium and high-tech industry, and GDP have been found highly unfavorable for the ecological health (CO
2
emissions) in 49 nations on BRI panel. However, renewable energy consumption has been found in positive correlation with environmental quality (CO
2
). Financial development indicator has no significant impact on CO
2
emissions in present study. The present outcomes clearly claim strong relationship of economic growth and energy with increased CO
2
emissions in 49 nations. Therefore, it is important for policy makers, experts, and governments to incentivize and appreciate portfolio investors for sustainable green investments to transform the economic growth into a sustainable and energy efficient development.
•By the optimal position of the individual and the current population, a new velocity equation is presented.•To adaptively adjust local and global search capabilities, another velocity equation based ...on the diversity is designed.•To choose the better one from two velocity update equations, a dynamic search strategy is proposed.•To escape from a local position, a dynamic random search strategy is developed.
As an important research direction of swarm intelligence algorithm, particle swarm optimization (PSO) has become a popular evolutionary method and received extensive attention in the past decades. Despite many PSO variants have been proposed, how to maintain a good balance between the exploration and exploitation abilities, and how to jump out of the local optimal position are still challenges. In this article, based on empirical balance strategy, a new particle swarm optimization (EBPSO) algorithm is presented. Firstly, based on an adaptive adjustment mechanism, the algorithm can choose a better strategy from two search equations, which can maintain the balance between the exploration and exploitation abilities. Secondly, to utilize the information of individual historical optimal solution and the optimal solution of the current population, a weight for adjusting their influence is introduced into the search equation. Thirdly, by introducing the diversity of population, a moving equation for dynamically adjusting the search ability of the algorithm is proposed. Finally, to avoid falling into local optimum and to search the potential location, a dynamic random search mechanism is proposed, which is designed by using the information of the current optimal solution. Compared with some state-of-the-art algorithms, the experimental results show that EBPSO has excellent solution quality and convergence characteristic on almost all test problems.
Although the benefit of reducing blood pressure for primary and secondary prevention of stroke has been established, the effect of antihypertensive treatment in patients with acute ischemic stroke is ...uncertain.
To evaluate whether immediate blood pressure reduction in patients with acute ischemic stroke would reduce death and major disability at 14 days or hospital discharge.
The China Antihypertensive Trial in Acute Ischemic Stroke, a single-blind, blinded end-points randomized clinical trial, conducted among 4071 patients with nonthrombolysed ischemic stroke within 48 hours of onset and elevated systolic blood pressure. Patients were recruited from 26 hospitals across China between August 2009 and May 2013.
Patients (n = 2038) were randomly assigned to receive antihypertensive treatment (aimed at lowering systolic blood pressure by 10% to 25% within the first 24 hours after randomization, achieving blood pressure less than 140/90 mm Hg within 7 days, and maintaining this level during hospitalization) or to discontinue all antihypertensive medications (control) during hospitalization (n = 2033).
Primary outcome was a combination of death and major disability (modified Rankin Scale score ≥3) at 14 days or hospital discharge.
Mean systolic blood pressure was reduced from 166.7 mm Hg to 144.7 mm Hg (-12.7%) within 24 hours in the antihypertensive treatment group and from 165.6 mm Hg to 152.9 mm Hg (-7.2%) in the control group within 24 hours after randomization (difference, -5.5% 95% CI, -4.9 to -6.1%; absolute difference, -9.1 mm Hg 95% CI, -10.2 to -8.1; P < .001). Mean systolic blood pressure was 137.3 mm Hg in the antihypertensive treatment group and 146.5 mm Hg in the control group at day 7 after randomization (difference, -9.3 mm Hg 95% CI, -10.1 to -8.4; P < .001). The primary outcome did not differ between treatment groups (683 events antihypertensive treatment vs 681 events control; odds ratio, 1.00 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.14; P = .98) at 14 days or hospital discharge. The secondary composite outcome of death and major disability at 3-month posttreatment follow-up did not differ between treatment groups (500 events antihypertensive treatment vs 502 events control; odds ratio, 0.99 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.15; P = .93).
Among patients with acute ischemic stroke, blood pressure reduction with antihypertensive medications, compared with the absence of hypertensive medication, did not reduce the likelihood of death and major disability at 14 days or hospital discharge.
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01840072.
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