Abstract
We describe the algorithm used to select the emission line galaxy (ELG) sample at z ∼ 0.85 for the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV, using ...photometric data from the DECam Legacy Survey. Our selection is based on a selection box in the g − r versus r − z colour–colour space and a cut on the g-band magnitude, to favour galaxies in the desired redshift range with strong
${{\rm O}\,\small {II}}$
emission. It provides a target density of 200 deg−2 on the North Galactic Cap and of 240 deg−2 on the South Galactic Cap (SGC), where we use a larger selection box because of deeper imaging. We demonstrate that this selection passes the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey requirements in terms of homogeneity. About 50 000 ELGs have been observed since the observations have started in 2016, September. These roughly match the expected redshift distribution, though the measured efficiency is slightly lower than expected. The efficiency can be increased by enlarging the redshift range and with incoming pipeline improvement. The cosmological forecast based on these first data predict
$\sigma _{D_V}/D_V = 0.023$
, in agreement with previous forecasts. Lastly, we present the stellar population properties of the ELG SGC sample. Once observations are completed, this sample will be suited to provide a cosmological analysis at z ∼ 0.85, and will pave the way for the next decade of massive spectroscopic cosmological surveys, which heavily rely on ELGs. The target catalogue over the SGC will be released along with DR14.
We describe the baseline coupled model configuration and simulation characteristics of GFDL's Earth System Model Version 4.1 (ESM4.1), which builds on component and coupled model developments at GFDL ...over 2013–2018 for coupled carbon‐chemistry‐climate simulation contributing to the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. In contrast with GFDL's CM4.0 development effort that focuses on ocean resolution for physical climate, ESM4.1 focuses on comprehensiveness of Earth system interactions. ESM4.1 features doubled horizontal resolution of both atmosphere (2° to 1°) and ocean (1° to 0.5°) relative to GFDL's previous‐generation coupled ESM2‐carbon and CM3‐chemistry models. ESM4.1 brings together key representational advances in CM4.0 dynamics and physics along with those in aerosols and their precursor emissions, land ecosystem vegetation and canopy competition, and multiday fire; ocean ecological and biogeochemical interactions, comprehensive land‐atmosphere‐ocean cycling of CO2, dust and iron, and interactive ocean‐atmosphere nitrogen cycling are described in detail across this volume of JAMES and presented here in terms of the overall coupling and resulting fidelity. ESM4.1 provides much improved fidelity in CO2 and chemistry over ESM2 and CM3, captures most of CM4.0's baseline simulations characteristics, and notably improves on CM4.0 in (1) Southern Ocean mode and intermediate water ventilation, (2) Southern Ocean aerosols, and (3) reduced spurious ocean heat uptake. ESM4.1 has reduced transient and equilibrium climate sensitivity compared to CM4.0. Fidelity concerns include (1) moderate degradation in sea surface temperature biases, (2) degradation in aerosols in some regions, and (3) strong centennial scale climate modulation by Southern Ocean convection.
Plain Language Summary
GFDL has developed a coupled chemistry‐carbon‐climate Earth System Model (ESM4.1) as part of its fourth‐generation coupled model development activities with model results contributed publicly to the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. With similar computational expense as GFDL's first coupled model CM4.0, ESM4.1 focuses on chemistry and ecosystem comprehensiveness rather than the ocean resolution‐focus of CM4.0. With fidelity near to that of CM4.0, ESM4.1 features much improved representation of climate mean patterns and variability from previous GFDL ESMs as well as comprehensive couplings for chemistry, carbon, and dust.
Key Points
A new coupled chemistry‐carbon‐climate Earth system model has been developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
This model unifies component advances in chemistry, carbon, and ecosystem comprehensiveness within a single coupled climate framework
This model features much improved climate mean patterns and variability from previous chemistry and carbon coupled models
A significant increase in the proportion of tropical cyclones undergoing rapid intensification at least once during their lifetime (RITCs) over the western North Pacific (WNP) is observed since 1998 ...when an abrupt climate regime shift occurred. Changes of large-scale atmospheric and oceanic conditions affecting TC activity are compared between two subperiods: one before and one since 1998. Results suggest that both a significant decrease in the number of TCs and a nearly unchanged number of RITCs since 1998 caused a significant increase in the frequency of RITCs. The decrease in TC numbers is likely driven by considerably increased vertical wind shear and decreased low-level vorticity. In contrast, the unchanged RITC counts and thus increased ratio of RITCs during the recent decades are largely attributed to the dominance of a more conducive ocean environment with increased TC heat potential and warmer sea surface temperature anomalies. These associated decadal changes are closely associated with the recent climate regime shift. During the recent decades with a mega–La Niña–like pattern, stronger easterly trade winds have caused increased vertical wind shear and a weakened monsoon trough, thus hampering TC formation ability over the WNP. In addition, a steeper thermocline slope that hampered the eastward migration of warm water along the equatorial Pacific has generated a more favorable thermodynamic environment supporting TC rapid intensification over the WNP.
We presented and demonstrated a new type of vertical nanowire (NW) and nanosheet (NS) field-effect transistors (FETs), named vertical sandwich gate-all-around FETs or VSAFETs, which were formed with ...the process compatible in the main stream industry. The VSAFETs with self-aligned high-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{k} </tex-math></inline-formula> metal gates (HKMGs) were fabricated with epitaxy of Si/SiGe/Si sandwich structure, an isotropic quasi-atomic-layer-etch (qALE) process, and gate replacement process. The gate-length of VSAFETs is mainly determined by the thickness of SiGe film grown by epitaxy. The NW diameter and NS thickness could be obtained by the isotropic qALE method, which can be used to the Si-selective etching of SiGe. As a result, p-type NS and NW VSAFETs with good device characteristics were fabricated. Device performance and the influence of silicide, Ge fraction, Si cap, and high thermal process were investigated; threshold voltage tuning and reliability were also discussed.
BackgroundNoroviruses (NoVs) are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis. Their high incidence and importance in health care facilities result in a great impact on public health. Studies from ...around the world describing increasing prevalence have been difficult to compare because of differing nomenclatures for variants of the dominant genotype, GII.4. We studied the global patterns of GII.4 epidemiology in relation to its genetic diversity MethodsData from NoV outbreaks with dates of onset from January 2001 through March 2007 were collected from 15 institutions on 5 continents. Partial genome sequences (n=775) were collected, allowing phylogenetic comparison of data from different countries ResultsThe 15 institutions reported 3098 GII.4 outbreaks, 62% of all reported NoV outbreaks. Eight GII.4 variants were identified. Four had a global distribution—the 1996, 2002, 2004, and 2006b variants. The 2003Asia and 2006a variants caused epidemics, but they were geographically limited. Finally, the 2001Japan and 2001Henry variants were found across the world but at low frequencies ConclusionsNoV epidemics resulted from the global spread of GII.4 strains that evolved under the influence of population immunity. Lineages show notable (and currently unexplained) differences in geographic prevalence. Establishing a global NoV network by which data on strains with the potential to cause pandemics can be rapidly exchanged may lead to improved prevention and intervention strategies
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are evolutionarily-conserved, innate-like lymphocytes which are abundant in human lungs and can contribute to protection against pulmonary bacterial ...infection. MAIT cells are also activated during human viral infections, yet it remains unknown whether MAIT cells play a significant protective or even detrimental role during viral infections in vivo. Using murine experimental challenge with two strains of influenza A virus, we show that MAIT cells accumulate and are activated early in infection, with upregulation of CD25, CD69 and Granzyme B, peaking at 5 days post-infection. Activation is modulated via cytokines independently of MR1. MAIT cell-deficient MR1
mice show enhanced weight loss and mortality to severe (H1N1) influenza. This is ameliorated by prior adoptive transfer of pulmonary MAIT cells in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient RAG2
γC
mice. Thus, MAIT cells contribute to protection during respiratory viral infections, and constitute a potential target for therapeutic manipulation.
The NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), has been recently been suspected to have a role in tumorigenesis. We investigated the expression of SIRT1 in pancreatic cancer and the effect of ...SIRT1-targeted RNA interference (RNAi) on cell proliferation and tumor formation in a pancreatic cancer cell line, PANC1. The expression of SIRT1 was investigated in 49 specimens of pancreatic cancer and adjacent normal pancreatic tissues. SIRT1 was overexpressed in pancreatic cancer tissues at both the mRNA and protein levels, with increased SIRT1 positivity associated with tumors from patients over 60 years old, tumors larger than 4 cm, higher TNM (extent of tumor (T), the extent of spread to lymph nodes (N), and presence of distant metastasis (M)) stage or the presence of lymph node or hepatic metastases. The PANC-1 was stably transfected with a SIRT1 small hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression plasmid and compared with untransfected and PANC-1-negative RNAi cells. Proliferation of PANC-1-SIRT1-RNAi cells was significantly reduced, accompanied by increased rates of apoptosis, G1 arrest and senescence. Furthermore, FOXO3a expression was markedly upregulated in PANC-1-SIRT1-RNAi cells, but no significant difference in p53 expression was observed. The invasive ability of PANC-1-SIRT1-RNAi cells was markedly reduced in vitro, which was linked to increased E-cadherin and reduced-MMP expression. Additionally, PANC-1-SIRT1-RNAi cells had a significantly reduced capacity to form tumors in vivo compared with untransfected and PANC-1-negative RNAi cells. These results suggest that SIRT1 may promote cell proliferation and tumor formation in pancreatic cancer, and downregulation of SIRT1 using shRNA could provide a novel therapeutic treatment.
Class B G-protein-coupled receptors are major targets for the treatment of chronic diseases, including diabetes and obesity
. Structures of active receptors reveal peptide agonists engage deep within ...the receptor core, leading to an outward movement of extracellular loop 3 and the tops of transmembrane helices 6 and 7, an inward movement of transmembrane helix 1, reorganization of extracellular loop 2 and outward movement of the intracellular side of transmembrane helix 6, resulting in G-protein interaction and activation
. Here we solved the structure of a non-peptide agonist, TT-OAD2, bound to the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor. Our structure identified an unpredicted non-peptide agonist-binding pocket in which reorganization of extracellular loop 3 and transmembrane helices 6 and 7 manifests independently of direct ligand interaction within the deep transmembrane domain pocket. TT-OAD2 exhibits biased agonism, and kinetics of G-protein activation and signalling that are distinct from peptide agonists. Within the structure, TT-OAD2 protrudes beyond the receptor core to interact with the lipid or detergent, providing an explanation for the distinct activation kinetics that may contribute to the clinical efficacy of this compound series. This work alters our understanding of the events that drive the activation of class B receptors.
Abstract Aims Numerous postoperative therapies for preventing recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been reported, but their efficacy remains controversial and knowledge about adverse ...effects is limited. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to gain a comprehensive picture of the efficacy and risks of these therapies. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched through July 2011. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results A total of 2989 patients from 28 RCTs involving 10 postoperative therapies were included. For interferon therapy, the estimated RR for the 2-year recurrence rate was 0.84 (95% CI 0.73–0.97, P = 0.02) and the overall survival (OS) was 1.15 (95% CI 1.07–1.22, P < 0.001). Postoperative therapy with the vitamin K2 analog did not lead to a significant reduction in the 1-year recurrence rate, with a pooled RR of 0.60 (95% CI 0.28–1.27, P = 0.18). However, it did slightly improve the 1-year OS, with a pooled RR of 1.03 (95% CI 1.00–1.05, P = 0.03). Transarterial chemotherapy with or without embolization, adoptive immunotherapy and heparanase inhibitor PI-88 therapy may delay tumor recurrence. The effects of acyclic retinoid, lipiodol-iodine-131 and tumor vaccine treatment were promising but require further study. All postoperative therapies except interferon administered intramuscularly were well tolerated by the majority of patients. Conclusions Use of adjuvant interferon is definitely associated with an increase in OS. Postoperative therapies involving acyclic retinoid, lipidol-iodine-131, or tumor vaccine may improve the OS of patients with HCC after curative treatment.
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