In China, species of the genus Infundibulicybe are often confused with other taxa and misdetermined. Here we describe two newly discovered species, I. bispora and I. ellipsospora, and redescribe five ...known taxa of this genus present in China. These identifications are supported by both morphological and DNA-based phylogenetic evidence. Additionally, a key to all known species of Infundibulicybe is provided.
The Clitocybaceae is a recently established family. Currently, the infrafamilial divisions and relationships within the family are vague due to limited sampling and genes employed for phylogenetic ...analysis. Some mushrooms of the family contain the neurotoxic muscarine, which has caused many severe and even deadly poisonings worldwide. However, the taxonomic distribution and evolution of the toxin within the family is largely unknown. In this study, phylogenetic analyses based on nucleotide sequences of ITS and of six molecular loci (ITS, LSU,
TEF1
,
RPB1
,
RPB2
and
ATP6
), plus a phylogenomic analysis based on 485 single-copy orthologous genes, were performed to reconstruct the framework of Clitocybaceae. BEAST analysis was used to estimate the divergence times within the family. Additionally, biochemical analysis for muscarine was conducted of 32 representative species. Based on these analyses, an updated classification of Clitocybaceae into six genera (
Clitocybe
,
Collybia
,
Dendrocollybia
,
Lepista
,
Pseudolyophyllum
, and
Singerocybe
) is proposed. The genus
Collybia
is emended to accommodate four subgenera (
Collybia
,
Crassicybe
,
Leucocalocybe
, and
Macrosporocybe
). Seventeen new Chinese species and 15 new combinations are proposed. Keys to the genera of Clitocybaceae and the subgenera of
Collybia
, as well as to the known species of
Clitocybe
and
Collybia
subgen.
Collybia
in China, are presented. In addition, muscarine was detected in 18 species, and these muscarine-containing species formed a major monophyletic clade within
Collybia
subgen.
Collybia
. Finally, our phylogenetic, phylogenomic, chemotaxonomic and molecular dating results indicate that the Clitocybaceae is a natural group estimated to have arisen some 60 million years ago, and in this family, muscarine has evolved only once circa 20 million years ago without later losses.
, a recently described species of
that is associated with the larvae of
(Hepialidae) in the living root or trunk of the medicinal plant
, isthe largest known
species and is recognized as a desirable ...alternative for natural
. This study investigated the main nucleosides and nucleobases in natural and cultured
. The contents of the nucleosides and nucleobases in the natural and cultured samples were determined by reverse phase HPLC. The highest concentration of adenosine was found in the natural fruit body and the cultured stroma, with almost no adenosine in the cadaver of
. The contents of adenine, guanosine, uridine and uracil in the cultured mycelium were significantly higher than those in the natural sample. Inosine was only detected in the natural samples. Thymidine and 2-deoxyadenosine were only found in the cadaver of
. Cordycepin was not detected in the five samples examined. These results suggested that the cultured mycelium and cultured stroma of
might be a promising substitute for natural
.
d-type cyclins (CYCDs) are a special class of cyclins and play extremely important roles in plant growth and development. In the plant kingdom, most of the existing studies on CYCDs have been done on ...herbaceous plants, with few on perennial woody plants. Here, we identified a Populus d-type cyclin gene, PsnCYCD1;1, which is mainly transcribed in leaf buds and stems. The promoter of PsnCYCD1;1 activated GUS gene expression and transgenic Arabidopsis lines were strongly GUS stained in whole seedlings and mature anthers. Moreover, subcellular localization analysis showed the fluorescence signal of PsnCYCD1;1-GFP fusion protein is present in the nucleus. Furthermore, overexpression of the PsnCYCD1;1 gene in Arabidopsis can promote cell division and lead to small cell generation and cytokinin response, resulting in curved leaves and twisted inflorescence stems. Moreover, the transcriptional levels of endogenous genes, such as ASs, KNATs, EXP10, and PHB, were upregulated by PsnCYCD1;1. Together, our results indicated that PsnCYCD1;1 participates in cell division by cytokinin response, providing new information on controlling plant architecture in woody plants.
This study aimed to develop an autophagy-associated long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) signature to predict the prognostic outcomes of uveal melanoma (UM). The data of UM from The Cancer Genome Atlas ...(TCGA) were enrolled to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between metastasizing and non-metastasizing UM patients. A total of 13 differentially expressed autophagy genes were identified and validated in Gene Expression Omnibus, and 11 autophagy-related lncRNAs were found to be associated with overall survival. Through performing least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analyses, a six-autophagy-related lncRNA signature was built, and its efficacy was confirmed by receiver-operating characteristic, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. A comprehensive nomogram was established and its clinical net benefit was validated by decision curve analysis. GSEA revealed that several biological processes and signaling pathways including Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and B- and T-cell receptor signaling pathway were enriched in the high-risk group. CIBERSORT results showed that the signature was related to the immune response especially HLA expression. This signature could be deployed to assist clinicians to identify high-risk UM patients and help scientists to explore the molecular mechanism of autophagy-related lncRNAs in UM pathogenesis.
Phylogenetically, the genera
,
and
are treated as basal in the family Hygrophoraceae, despite weak support. However, the exact phylogenetic positions of the three genera have remained unresolved, and ...taxa related to these genera are poorly known. In this study, a new clitocyboid genus
was proposed based on multigenic phylogenetic inference datasets and morphological evidence. The analyses of ITS as well as two combined datasets ITS-nrLSU-
and ITS-nrLSU-
-
-
-
supported that (1)
formed a well-supported monophyletic clade; and (2) sisters
and
, along with
and
also formed a monophyletic lineage, as sister to the rest of the Hygrophoraceae. Meanwhile, two new species, namely
and
, from southwestern China, were documented and illustrated. These results support the new proposed genus
, and that
,
,
and
should be retained in the Hygrophoraceae as a new subfamily Cuphophylloideae.
Bonomyces
,
Harmajaea
, and
Notholepista
are three newly established clitocyboid genera whose species have been rarely reported before in China. The present study describes two new species,
B. ...squamulosus
and
N. fistulosa
, and reports
H
.
harperi
from Northwestern China for the first time. These identifications are supported by both morphological and phylogenetic evidence.
The PEGylated liposomal nanoparticle has been widely used as a carrier in drug delivery system. To become biologically active, the encapsulated drug must be released from the nanoparticle vehicle. ...However, due to limitations of current bioanalytical methods, the characterization of this release process has been restricted to determination of total drug in tissues and tumor. As a result, the fate of liposomal nanoparticles including their uptake into target tissue has not been fully characterized. In this study, we developed a novel two-step solid phase extraction on two separated columns procedure to separate liposomes from tissues and tumors without liposomal leakage. This allowed us to determine encapsulated drug, total drug and, by difference, released drug and compare the release and uptake profiles of PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin in tissues and tumor of tumor-bearing mice with corresponding profiles for free doxorubicin. The liposomal nanoparticles released doxorubicin into tumor efficiently and, compared with administration of free drug, increased doxorubicin uptake into tumor by 1.8-fold. It also decreased doxorubicin uptake into heart (0.78-fold lower) with the potential to reduce doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. Drug release reached constant levels in tissues and tumor after 12 h with released doxorubicin concentration remaining at 70–80% of total doxorubicin concentration and in tumor at 86% of total drug concentration. The assay also included determination of the main doxorubicin metabolites. Determination of the metabolites showed that liposomal entrapment delays and decreases the metabolism of doxorubicin but does not alter the metabolic pathway. These results provide a clear and comprehensive picture of the biodistribution of doxorubicin administered in liposomal nanoparticles which may assist in the rational design of other liposomal nanoparticles.
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•Encapsulated drug was separated in tissues and tumor using a novelty SPE method.•Uptake and release profiles of PEGylated liposomal nanoparticles were studied.•A dynamic equilibrium between drug release and elimination was firstly found.•The results provide a clear and comprehensive picture of liposomal nanoparticles.
The entomopathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps xuefengensis, a recently described species and identified as the sister taxon of Ophiocordyceps sinensis, is a desirable alternative to O. sinensis. The ...mating systems of fungi play a vitally important role in the regulation of sexual reproduction and evolution, but the mating type loci of O. xuefengensis were completely unknown. In this study, the mating systems of O. xuefengensis were analyzed. The conserved α-box region of the MAT1-1-1 and HMG-box of MAT1-2-1 were successfully obtained by PCR amplification. The distribution of both mating types in different tissues of wild and cultivated O. xuefengensis growth was detected and analyzed. The results showed that the asci always harbored both mating types, whereas the sclerotium, the stipe and each isolated strain of wild O. xuefengensis always had only one idiomorph, either MAT1-1 or MAT1-2, which confirmed that O. xuefengensis is heterothallic. The MAT1-1 locus of O. xuefengensis harbors MAT1-1-1, MAT1-1-2 and MAT1-1-3, and MAT1-2 contains the MAT1-2-1 gene. Southern blot analysis showed the MAT-1-1-1 and MAT-1-2-1 genes were single-copy in O. xuefengensis. These results will help to understand its life cycle and support artificial cultivation of O. xuefengensis.
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