Multicatalyst promoted asymmetric tandem reactions have emerged as a powerful strategy to improve the synthetic efficiency. It enables the synthesis of complex molecules with high selectivity from ...simple starting materials in an almost biomimetic-like way. The use of multiple catalyst systems can enlarge the substrate and reaction scope for the reaction design, improve the reactivity, and benefit the control of selectivity. In this Focus Review, the current achievement of this promising field is discussed, including the advantages and difficulties of this research, and the strategies applied to address these problems.
Plants employ numerous cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors to perceive a variety of immunogenic signals associated with pathogen infection and subsequently activate defenses. Immune ...signaling is potentiated by the major defense hormone salicylic acid (SA), which reprograms the transcriptome for defense. Here we highlight recent advances in understanding the mechanisms underlying activation of the main classes of immune receptors, summarize the current understanding of their signaling mechanisms, and discuss an updated model for SA perception and signaling. In addition, we discuss how different receptors are organized into networks and the implications of such networks in the integration of complex danger signals for appropriate defense outputs.
Plants possess a sophisticated and complex immune signaling system, many components or which are either conserved or have analogous counterparts in animals. Jian-Min Zhou and Yuelin Zhang review plant immune signaling mechanisms, from sensing mechanisms to transcriptional responses, noting key parallels to animal immunity.
Plant immune signaling: Advancing on two frontiers Wang, Wei; Feng, Baomin; Zhou, Jian‐Min ...
Journal of integrative plant biology,
January 2020, 2020-Jan, 2020-01-00, 20200101, 2020, Letnik:
62, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Plants have evolved multiple defense strategies to cope with pathogens, among which plant immune signaling that relies on cell‐surface localized and intracellular receptors takes fundamental roles. ...Exciting breakthroughs were made recently on the signaling mechanisms of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide‐binding site (NBS) and leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) domain receptors (NLRs). This review summarizes the current view of PRRs activation, emphasizing the most recent discoveries about PRRs’ dynamic regulation and signaling mechanisms directly leading to downstream molecular events including mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation and calcium (Ca2+) burst. Plants also have evolved intracellular NLRs to perceive the presence of specific pathogen effectors and trigger more robust immune responses. We also discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms of NLR activation, which has been greatly advanced by recent breakthroughs including structures of the first full‐length plant NLR complex, findings of NLR sensor‐helper pairs and novel biochemical activity of Toll/interleukin‐1 receptor (TIR) domain.
In nature, plants are constantly exposed to pathogens thus have evolved multiple defense strategies to cope with pathogens, including plant immune signaling that relies on cell‐surface localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular NLR immune receptors. This review mainly summarized the current views of PRRsactivated immunity and the mechanisms of NLRs activation.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent subtype of primary liver cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying HCC ...pathogenesis have not been fully understood. Emerging evidences have recently suggested the crucial role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the tumorigenesis and progression of HCC. Various HCC-related lncRNAs have been shown to possess aberrant expression and participate in cancerous phenotypes (e.g. persistent proliferation, evading apoptosis, accelerated vessel formation and gain of invasive capability) through their binding with DNA, RNA or proteins, or encoding small peptides. Thus, a deeper understanding of lncRNA dysregulation would provide new insights into HCC pathogenesis and novel tools for the early diagnosis and treatment of HCC. In this review, we summarize the dysregulation of lncRNAs expression in HCC and their tumor suppressive or oncogenic roles during HCC tumorigenesis. Moreover, we discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic potentials of lncRNAs in HCC.
Receptor kinases (RKs) are of paramount importance in transmembrane signaling that governs plant reproduction, growth, development, and adaptation to diverse environmental conditions. Receptor-like ...cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs), which lack extracellular ligand-binding domains, have emerged as a major class of signaling proteins that regulate plant cellular activities in response to biotic abiotic stresses and endogenous extracellular signaling molecules. By associating with immune RKs, RLCKs regulate multiple downstream signaling nodes to orchestrate a complex array of defense responses against microbial pathogens. RLCKs also associate with RKs that perceive brassinosteroids and signaling peptides to coordinate growth, pollen tube guidance, embryonic and stomatal patterning, floral organ abscission, and abiotic stress responses. The activity and stability of RLCKs are dynamically regulated not only by RKs but also by other RLCK-associated proteins. Analyses of RLCK-associated components and substrates have suggested phosphorylation relays as a major mechanism underlying RK-mediated signaling.
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) play crucial roles in plant immunity, growth, and development. Plants deploy a large number of RLKs and RLPs as pattern recognition ...receptors (PRRs) that detect microbe- and host-derived molecular patterns as the first layer of inducible defense. Recent advances have uncovered novel PRRs, their corresponding ligands, and mechanisms underlying PRR activation and signaling. In general, PRRs associate with other RLKs and function as part of multiprotein immune complexes at the cell surface. Innovative strategies have emerged for the rapid identification of microbial patterns and their cognate PRRs. Successful pathogens can evade or block host recognition by secreting effector proteins to “hide” microbial patterns or inhibit PRR-mediated signaling. Furthermore, newly identified pathogen effectors have been shown to manipulate RLKs controlling growth and development by mimicking peptide hormones of host plants. The ongoing studies illustrate the importance of diverse plant RLKs in plant disease
Environmental degradations are mainly caused by the use of different energy resources for economic growth. This research examined the influence of energy consumption (coal consumption, oil ...consumption, and gas consumption) and economic growth on environmental degradation in Pakistan. This research used newly developed method dynamic ARDL simulations to scrutinize the actual influence of positive and negative change in the use of coal consumption, oil consumption, and gas consumption for energy and economic growth on environmental degradation in Pakistan. The examined results of dynamic ARDL indicate that economic growth, coal consumption, oil consumption, and natural gas consumption have positive impact on the environmental degradations in Pakistan both in short run and long run. It is suggested that environmental degradations can be reduced by promoting renewable energy sources for energy.
This research scrutinizes the impact of globalization, economic factors and energy consumption on CO2 emissions in Pakistan from 1971 to 2016 by utilizing dynamic ARDL simulations model Jordan and ...Philips (2018). Dynamic ARDL simulations model has capability to predict the actual positive and negative change in the independent variables and its effect on the dependent variable. The examined results of dynamic ARDL simulations indicates that Energy consumption, financial development, trade, foreign direct investment, economic globalization, social globalization and political globalization have positive effect on CO2 emissions in Pakistan while urbanization, economic growth and innovation have negative effect on CO2 emissions in Pakistan while in the short run the examined results of dynamic ARDL simulations indicate that energy consumption, urbanization, economic growth, financial development, economic globalization, social globalization and political globalization have positive effect on CO2 emissions in Pakistan while trade, innovation and foreign direct investment have negative effect on CO2 emissions. Based on the results of this study policy implications are suggested for Pakistan.
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•Energy consumption, financial development and trade have positive effect on CO2 emissions.•Foreign direct investment has a positive effect on CO2 emissions in Pakistan•Economic, social and political globalization index have positive effect on CO2 emissions.•Urbanization, economic growth and innovation have negative effect on CO2 emissions.
Searching for highly efficient, stable, and cost‐effective electrocatalysts for water splitting and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is critical for renewable energies, yet it remains a great ...challenge. Here, by performing an unbiased structural search and first‐principles calculations, the electrocatalytic performance of the emerging 2D transitional‐metal carbides, MC2 (M represents the transition metal of Ti, V, Nb, Ta, and Mo, C is carbon), is systematically investigated. Owing to their super stability and outstanding electronic conductivity, fast charge transfer kinetics is allowed during catalysis. Specifically, NbC2, TaC2, and MoC2 possess excellent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance under the reaction by the Volmer‐Heyrovsky mechanism. Moreover, taking advantage of the dual‐active‐site catalytic mechanism for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and ORR over traditional single‐active‐site mechanism, TaC2 presents promising bifunctional electrocatalytic activity with a low overpotential of 0.06 and 0.37 V for HER and ORR, respectively. Meanwhile, the low overpotential endows MoC2 remarkable multifunctional electrocatalytic performance in overall water splitting (0.001 V for HER, 0.45 V for OER) and ORR (0.47 V). These intriguing results demonstrate the robust applicability of MC2 monolayers as effective electrocatalysts.
The electrocatalytic performance of the emerging 2D MC2 structures is explored by performing an unbiased structural search and first‐principles calculations. A series of excellent catalysts are identified, where NbC2 is used for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), TaC2 for bifunctional catalysis in HER/ oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and MoC2 for multifunctional catalysis in HER/ oxygen evolution reaction (OER)/ORR. Additionally, the catalytic mechanisms for different reactions are investigated in depth.
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