Long-distance entanglement distribution is essential for both foundational tests of quantum physics and scalable quantum networks. Owing to channel loss, however, the previously achieved distance was ...limited to ~100 kilometers. Here we demonstrate satellite-based distribution of entangled photon pairs to two locations separated by 1203 kilometers on Earth, through two satellite-to-ground downlinks with a summed length varying from 1600 to 2400 kilometers. We observed a survival of two-photon entanglement and a violation of Bell inequality by 2.37 ± 0.09 under strict Einstein locality conditions. The obtained effective link efficiency is orders of magnitude higher than that of the direct bidirectional transmission of the two photons through telecommunication fibers.
Abstract
The oxidized platinum (Pt) can exhibit better electrocatalytic activity than metallic Pt
0
in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which has aroused great interest in exploring the role of ...oxygen in Pt-based catalysts. Herein, we select two structurally well-defined polyoxometalates Na
5
H
3
Pt
(IV)
W
6
O
24
(PtW
6
O
24
) and Na
3
K
5
Pt
(II)
2
(W
5
O
18
)
2
(Pt
2
(W
5
O
18
)
2
) as the platinum oxide model to investigate the HER performance. Electrocatalytic experiments show the mass activities of PtW
6
O
24
/C and Pt
2
(W
5
O
18
)
2
/C are 20.175 A mg
−1
and 10.976 A mg
−1
at 77 mV, respectively, which are better than that of commercial 20% Pt/C (0.398 A mg
−1
). The in situ synchrotron radiation experiments and DFT calculations suggest that the elongated Pt-O bond acts as the active site during the HER process, which can accelerate the coupling of proton and electron and the rapid release of H
2
. This work complements the knowledge boundary of Pt-based electrocatalytic HER, and suggests another way to update the state-of-the-art electrocatalyst.
Mimicking proton conduction mechanism of Nafion to construct novel proton-conducting materials with low cost and high proton conductivity is of wide interest. Herein, we have designed and synthesized ...a cationic covalent organic framework with high thermal and chemical stability by combining a cationic monomer, ethidium bromide (EB) (3,8-diamino-5-ethyl-6-phenylphenanthridinium bromide), with 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (TFP) in Schiff base reactions. This is the first time that the stable cationic crystalline frameworks allowed for the fabrication of a series of charged COFs (EB-COF:X, X = F, Cl, Br, I) through ion exchange processes. Exchange of the extra framework ions can finely modulate the COFs’ porosity and pore sizes at nanoscale. More importantly, by introducing PW12O40 3– into this porous cationic framework, we can greatly enhance the proton conductivity of ionic COF-based material. To the best of our knowledge, EB-COF:PW 12 shows the best proton conductivity at room temperature among ever reported porous organic materials.
Background
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an essential technique in surgical and clinical pathology for detecting diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers for personalized cancer therapy. ...However, the lack of standardization and reference controls results in poor reproducibility, and a reliable tool for IHC quantification is urgently required. The objective of this study was to describe a novel approach in which H3F3B (histone H3, family 3B) can be used as an internal reference standard to quantify protein expression levels using IHC.
Methods
The authors enrolled 89 patients who had human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐positive breast cancer (BC). They used a novel IHC‐based assay to measure protein expression using H3F3B as the internal reference standard. H3F3B was uniformly expressed at the protein level in all tumor regions in cancer tissues. HER2 expression levels were measured with the H‐score using HALO software.
Results
Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated that, among patients who had HER2‐positive BC in The Cancer Genome Atlas data set and the authors' data set, the subgroup with low HER2 expression had a significantly better prognosis than the subgroup with high HER2 expression. Furthermore, the authors observed that HER2 expression levels were precisely evaluated using the proposed method, which can classify patients who are at higher risk of HER2‐positive BC to receive trastuzumab‐based adjuvant therapy. Dual‐color IHC with H3F3B is an excellent tool for internal and external quality control of HER2 expression assays.
Conclusions
The proposed IHC‐based quantification method accurately assesses HER2 expression levels and provides insights for predicting clinical prognosis in patients with HER2‐positive BC who receive trastuzumab‐based adjuvant therapy.
The proposed immunohistochemistry‐based quantification method allows accurate assessment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) protein expression levels. The approach provides insights for predicting the clinical prognosis of patients with HER2‐positive breast cancer who receive trastuzumab‐based adjuvant therapy.
Immune priming has now been demonstrated as a form of immune memory in a wide range of invertebrate species that lack acquired immune systems. Owing to the specific activation of innate immunity upon ...reinfection, immune priming has important implications for vaccinating economically valuable shellfish to effectively prevent infectious diseases. To gain a clearer understanding of the underlying mechanisms, extensive research has recently been concentrated on priming responses and better evidence-based mechanistic explanations appear as a prerequisite for the development of prophylactic strategies. This review specially focused on cellular and humoral responses to examine the evidence and inquire into the possible mechanisms involved in broad-spectrum or specific immune priming with particular reference to shellfish, with the aims of providing an overview of the current status of research and helping us better understand the existing knowledge. Current data suggest that both humoral and cellular immune factors are to some extent involved in priming protection, but it is far more likely that cellular immunity is more important in terms of the clearance of pathogens and survival. Antimicrobial peptides and other humoral factors seem to be unable to generate priming specificity, but the only selectivity. Alternatively, the elevated phagocytosis of hemocytes could be linked to the specific recognition of antigens in primed hosts. The molecular mechanism appears to rely upon certain receptors/effectors diversified via alternative splicing that could produce splice variants with specific binding capabilities. Our review concludes that whilst immune priming justifies the theoretical feasibility of ‘vaccination’ for bacterial and viral disease control, the priming effect and its impact on immune modulation remain to be further clarified. The practicality of vaccine strategy, particularly the benefit and efficiency, also needs reevaluations in the future.
•Current evidence and potential underlying mechanisms of immune priming were examined.•Priming-induced phagocytic cells are linked to the efficient pathogen clearance.•Proliferation of hemocytes could be responsible for the enhanced phagocytosis.•Specific priming may be attributed to the receptor diversity via alternative splicing.
Hong Kong catfish (Clarias fuscus) is an ecologically and economically important species that is widely distributed in freshwater regions of southern China. Hong Kong catfish has significant sexual ...growth dimorphism. The genome assembly of the Hong Kong catfish would facilitate study of the sex determination and evolution mechanism of the species.
The first high-quality chromosome-level genome of the Hong Kong catfish was constructed. The total genome was 933.4 Mb, with 416 contigs and a contig N50 length of 8.52 Mb. Using high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) data, the genome assembly was divided into 28 chromosomes with a scaffold N50 length of 36.68 Mb. A total of 23,345 protein-coding genes were predicted in the genome, and 94.28% of the genes were functionally annotated in public databases. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that C. fuscus and Clarias magur diverged approximately 63.7 million years ago. The comparative genome results showed that a total of 60 unique, 353 expanded and 851 contracted gene families were identified in Hong Kong catfish. A sex-linked quantitative trait locus identified in a previous study was located in a sex-determining region of 30.26 Mb (0.02 to 30.28 Mb) on chromosome 13 (Chr13), the predicted Y chromosome. This QTL region contained 785 genes, of which 18 were identified as sex-related genes.
This study is the first to report the chromosome-level genome assembly of Hong Kong catfish. The study provides an excellent genetic resource that will facilitate future studies of sex determination mechanisms and evolution in fish.
Transparent ceramics have become a research hotspot in the preparation of fluorescent materials in recent years, because of their excellent physical and chemical properties and high transparency. ...Gadolinium aluminate, as a stable matrix material, is often doped with various active ions to obtain luminescence with different colors. However, it is very difficult to fabricate gadolinium aluminate transparent ceramics by a traditional method, although they are the charming solid lighting materials. Here, we developed a pressureless sintering method to prepare GdAlO3:Mn (GAP:Mn) transparent ceramic films, which were prepared by spin coating layered rare‐earth hydroxide (LRH) on amorphous alumina substrate and sintering at 1550°C for 2 h. Through the interface reaction, the Al2O3 reacted with Gd2O3 to form mesophase Gd4Al2O9 below 1550°C. However, the final products are GdAlO3 at 1550°C. The GAP:Mn4+ film exhibits a high transmittance of about 90%. Under UV excitation at 310 nm, the ceramic film outputs deep red and NIR emissions, which are both arising from the 2Eg–4A2g transition of Mn4+. Due to the electron traps arising from unequal valence substitution, the ceramic film exhibits a negative thermal quenching phenomenon. The ceramic film has a good luminescence thermal stability, because its emission intensity at 150°C maintains over 72% that at room temperature. This work may pave a new way to fabricate transparent ceramics using LRHs.
Elegant asymmetric synthesis of hasubanan alkaloids have been developed over the past decades. However, a divergent approach leading to all three sub-classes of this family of natural products ...remains unknown. We report herein the realization of such an endeavor by accomplishing enantioselective total syntheses of four representative members. The synthesis is characterized by catalytic enantioselective construction of the tricyclic compounds from which three different intramolecular C-N bond forming processes leading to three topologically different hasubanan alkaloids are developed. An aza-Michael addition is used for the construction of the aza-4.4.3-propellane structure of (-)-cepharamine, whereas an oxidation/double deprotection/intramolecular hemiaminal forming sequence is developed to forge the bridged 6/6/6/6 tetracycle of (-)-cepharatines A and C and a domino bromination/double deprotection/cyclization sequence allows the build-up of the 6/6/5/5 fused tetracyclic structure of (-)-sinoracutine.
The fabrication of Gd2O3‐MgO nanocomposite optical ceramics via hot‐pressing using sol‐gel derived cubic‐Gd2O3 and MgO nanopowders was investigated. The precursor powder calcined at 600°C had an ...average particle size of 12 nm. The effects of hot‐pressing temperature on constituent phases, microstructure, mid‐infrared transmittance, and microhardness were studied. The crystallographic modifications of Gd2O3 phase varied with the increase in sintering temperature from 1250 to 1350°C. The monoclinic‐Gd2O3 phase was retained for the composite sintered at 1350°C and the sample had an average grain size of 90 nm, excellent transmission (80.4%‐84.8%) over 3‐6 μm wavelength range, and enhanced hardness value of 14.1 GPa.
A general analytical model is developed in a concise block matrix form for surface‐mounted permanent magnet (SPM) machines with series‐parallel coil connections under inter‐turn short circuit (ITSC) ...fault. In the model, branch currents are used as state variables and inductances of different series‐parallel coil connections are calculated using an analytical method, namely winding function approach (WFA) together with slot permeance method. Based on the characteristics of the calculated inductances and the developed fault model, the multiphase Clarke transformation has been proposed to simplify the fault model. In the process of model simplification, the healthy machine model using branch currents as state variables have been proven to be equivalent to that using 3‐phase currents as state variables. The proposed fault models of a 3kW 96‐slot 32‐pole SPM machine with different series‐parallel coil connections have been built in Matlab/Simulink and validated by time‐stepping 2D FE simulations. Simulation results show that different series‐parallel coil connections have little influence on the amplitude of the ITSC current. Finally, a small scale 24‐slot 8‐pole SPM machine prototype has been built to further validate the accuracy of the proposed fault model.
A general analytical model is developed in a concise block matrix form for surface‐mounted permanent magnet (SPM) machines with series‐parallel coil connections under inter‐turn short circuit (ITSC) fault. The multiphase Clarke transformation has been proposed to simplify the fault model. The proposed fault models of a 3kW 96‐slot 32‐pole SPM machine with different series‐parallel coil connections have been built in Matlab/Simulink and validated by time‐stepping 2D FE simulations.
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