Abstract
Background
Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders as one of the most common occupational health problems among the working population in both developed and developing countries is an ...important necessity and priority. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention program based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) to increase awareness, perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy in adopting neck health-promoting behaviors in school teachers
.
Methods
The present study was a quasi-experimental of the randomized clinical trial that was conducted for 6 months (December 2020 to July 2021). Participants were 146 junior high school teachers were selected from 26 schools through random sampling and divided into two groups of intervention and control. The data collection instrument was the self-design questionnaire and was completed in three points of time (before, immediately, and 3 months after the intervention). The data were analyzed by software version 24 SPSS.
Results
The results showed that awareness, perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived benefits and barriers, and self-efficacy in adopting neck health-promoting behaviors in the intervention group increased in two points of time (immediately after the intervention and 3 months of follow-up) (
P
< 0.05).
Conclusion
Designing and implementing an educational intervention based on HBM could affect in adopting neck health-promoting behaviors among teachers.
Trial registration
IRCT20210301050542N1, 16/03/2021 first registration has been approved in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials at (16/03/2021).
Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), an economically important pathogen, is present worldwide with a very wide host range. This work reports for the first time the infection of Vinca minor and Wisteria ...sinensis with AMV using RNA sequencing and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmation. De novo assembly and annotating of contigs revealed that RNA1, RNA2, and RNA3 genomic fragments consist of 3,690, 2,636, and 2,057 nucleotides (nt) for IR-VM and 3,690, 2,594, and 2,057 nt for IR-WS. RNA1 and RNA3 segments of IR-VM and IR-WS closely resembled those of the Chinese isolate HZ, with 99.23-99.26% and 98.04-98.09% nt identity, respectively. Their RNA2 resembled that of Canadian isolate CaM and American isolate OH-2-2017, with 97.96-98.07% nt identity. The P2 gene revealed more nucleotide diversity compared with other genes. Genes in the AMV genome were under dominant negative selection during evolution, and the P1 and coat protein (CP) proteins were subject to the strongest and weakest purifying selection, respectively. In the population genetic analysis based on the CP gene sequences, all 107 AMV isolates fell into two main clades (A, B) and isolates of clade A were further divided into three groups with significant subpopulation differentiation. The results indicated moderate genetic variation within and no clear geographic or genetic structure between the studied populations, implying moderate gene flow can play an important role in differentiation and distribution of genetic diversity among populations. Several factors have shaped the genetic structure and diversity of AMV: selection, recombination/reassortment, gene flow, and random processes such as founder effects.
Purpose. Wear and increased surface roughness are among the reasons for failure of posterior composite restorations. Considering the widespread use of bulk-fill composites in the posterior region, ...information about their wear resistance is imperative. The aim of this study was to compare the wear and surface roughness of four bulk-fill composite resins with a conventional composite. Methods. Thirty composite discs (4 mm×10 mm) were fabricated from EverX Posterior (GC), X-tra fil (Voco), Filtek Bulk-Fill Posterior (3M, USA), SonicFill 2 (Kerr), and Z250 (3M) composites. The baseline weight and surface roughness of specimens were measured. For the assessment of the attrition wear, the specimens were placed in a chewing simulator (Mechatronik). pH cycling was performed to erode the composite discs. They were then placed in a tooth brushing simulator machine (Dorsa) for abrasion wear. Finally, the weight and surface roughness of the specimens were measured. Data were compared using one-way ANOVA (alpha≤0.05). Results. One-way ANOVA showed that the mean weight changes were significant after attrition, abrasion, and erosion (P=0.019), but changes in surface roughness were not significant (P≥0.05). The results of Tukey’s test showed no significant difference between the bulk-fill composites and Z250 regarding weight loss (P≥0.05), but the weight loss of X-tra fil was significantly greater than that of EverX (P=0.007) and Filtek Bulk-Fill (P=0.005). Conclusions. Considering the limitations of this study, it appears that the wear and surface roughness of bulk-fill composites are within the acceptable range and are not different from those of a conventional composite.
Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), an economically important pathogen, is present worldwide with a very wide host range. This work reports for the first time the infection of Vinca minor and Wisteria ...sinensis with AMV using RNA sequencing and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmation. De novo assembly and annotating of contigs revealed that RNA1, RNA2, and RNA3 genomic fragments consist of 3,690, 2,636, and 2,057 nucleotides (nt) for IR-VM and 3,690, 2,594, and 2,057 nt for IR-WS. RNA1 and RNA3 segments of IR-VM and IR-WS closely resembled those of the Chinese isolate HZ, with 99.23-99.26% and 98.04-98.09% nt identity, respectively. Their RNA2 resembled that of Canadian isolate CaM and American isolate OH-2-2017, with 97.96-98.07% nt identity. The P2 gene revealed more nucleotide diversity compared with other genes. Genes in the AMV genome were under dominant negative selection during evolution, and the P1 and coat protein (CP) proteins were subject to the strongest and weakest purifying selection, respectively. In the population genetic analysis based on the CP gene sequences, all 107 AMV isolates fell into two main clades (A, B) and isolates of clade A were further divided into three groups with significant subpopulation differentiation. The results indicated moderate genetic variation within and no clear geographic or genetic structure between the studied populations, implying moderate gene flow can play an important role in differentiation and distribution of genetic diversity among populations. Several factors have shaped the genetic structure and diversity of AMV: selection, recombination/reassortment, gene flow, and random processes such as founder effects.
Neck pain is one of the most common work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). It has important social and economic consequences such as reduced productivity due to absenteeism, leave, and early ...retirement and financial losses due to medical expenses for the workforce especially teachers. This study aims to evaluate whether a model-based social media intervention could change the high-risk behaviors that cause work-related neck pain among teachers.
This is a randomized controlled trial that will be done in three steps. The first stage is a qualitative study to obtain the items and areas of the researcher-made questionnaire based on the health belief model (HBM), the second stage is the psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire, and the third stage is designing and implementation of model-based educational intervention in social media context. The study population is teachers who working in junior high school in the 19th district of education minister in Tehran, Iran, which are randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control. The intervention group receives training packages on social media, and the control group does not receive any training. The educational intervention tries to improve the knowledge, attitude, skills, and self-efficacy in adopting neck pain prevention behaviors among teachers. The study will also assess whether the intervention can promote preventive neck pain behavior among teachers.
Work-related neck pain can have a negative impact on teachers' health. This study is an attempt to investigate the impact of developed interventions in promoting preventive behavior regarding work-related neck pain through social media context.
Iranian registry of Clinical Trial (IRCT) IRCT20210301050542N1 . Registered on 16 March 2021 Ethics code: IR.MODARES.REC.1399.163.
•In this study, for the first time the complete genome sequence of an aphid-pathogenic virus, ALPV, identified in the plant species Wisteria sinensis in the world, using deep RNA sequencing and ...Sanger sequencing.•Codon mutations, insertions/deletions and recombination contributed to high genetic variability of ALPV.•The population structure of non-recombinant ALPV isolates was investigated based on ORF2 sequences and two divergent evolutionary lineages were detected with infrequent gene flow.•There was no significant correlation between genetic and geographical distances or host origins.•Recombination, natural selection, gene flow, and founder effects were found to be the main evolutionary factors that can affect the genetic structure of ALPV populations.
Viral metagenomic analysis of wisteria leaf sample in Iran detected one dicistrovirus: aphid lethal paralysis virus (ALPV). The complete genome sequence of ALPV-Ir-Wi was 9824 nucleotides (nt) in length (excluding the 3′-poly(A) tail), and contained two ORFs, an intergenic untranslated region of 197 nt flanked by a 538 nt 5′ UTR and a 576 nt 3′ UTR. Comparison with 21 other ALPV genomic sequences from different parts of the world revealed that it most closely resembled the Turkish and Israeli isolates. Pairwise identity analysis showed significant variability in genome sequences among ALPV isolates with genomic nucleotide identities of 78.35–99.15%. In addition to codon mutations, insertions/deletions and recombination also contributed to genetic variability. To explore the genetic variation and molecular evolution of ALPV, ORF2 gene sequences of 18 non-recombinant isolates were analyzed. The isolates belonged to two principal clades (FST=0.614) and showed a considerable genetic diversity (0.140±0.01). Most populations were polyphyletic, indicating that they had not been isolated long enough to reach reciprocal monophyly. There was no significant correlation between genetic and geographical distances or host origins. Pairwise FST and Nm values showed a meaningful differentiation and relatively infrequent gene flow between two compared populations (the Middle East vs. East Asia, the Middle East vs. Africa), and moderate gene flow for East Asian and African populations. Genes in the ALPV genome were subject to strong purifying selection during evolution, and most codons were under negative selection or neutral evolution. The results indicated a relatively stable and conserved genomic composition with a low codon usage bias in all of the assayed ALPV coding sequences. Recombination, natural selection, gene flow, and founder effects were found to be the main evolutionary factors that can affect the genetic structure of ALPV populations.
Abstract
Background
Recently, the application of bulk-fill composite resins has increased significantly. Attrition wear and the consequently increased surface roughness of composite resins are among ...the causes of restoration failure in the posterior teeth. This study aimed to compare the attrition wear and surface roughness of four types of bulk-fill composite resins compared to a conventional composite resin.
Methods
EverX-Posterior, X-tra fil, SonicFill 2, and Filtek Bulk-Fill composites (bulk-fill) and Z250 composite (conventional resin composite) were evaluated. Thirty cylindrical specimens (n = 6) were weighed and monitored for 24 h until their weight was stabilized. The primary surface roughness of the specimens was measured by a profilometer. The specimens were then subjected to attrition wear in a chewing simulator. Next, the specimens were weighed, and the surface roughness was measured again. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test at
P
< 0.05 significance level.
Results
According to one-way ANOVA, the difference in weight loss was significant among the groups (
P
= 0.004) but the difference in surface roughness of the groups was not significant after the attrition wear (
P
> 0.05). Tukey’s post-hoc test showed that the weight loss of bulk-fill composites was not significantly different from that of Z250 conventional composite after the attrition wear (
P
> 0.05).
Conclusion
Within the limitations of this study, it appears that the tested bulk-fill composite resins are comparable to the conventional composite regarding their attrition wear, increased surface roughness, and weight loss.
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is known as a key product for agriculture in several countries across the world. Beet soil-borne virus (BSBV) triggers substantial economic damages to sugar beet by ...reducing the quantity of the yield and quality of the beet sugars. We conducted the present study to report the complete genome sequences of two BSBV isolates in Turkey for the first time. The genome organization was identical to those previously established BSBV isolates. The tripartite genome of BSBV-TR1 and -TR3 comprised a 5,835-nucleotide (nt) RNA1, a 3,454-nt RNA2, and a 3,005-nt RNA3 segment. According to sequence identity analyses, Turkish isolates were most closely related to the BSBV isolate reported from Iran (97.83-98.77% nt identity). The BSBV isolates worldwide (n = 9) were phylogenetically classified into five (RNA-coat protein read through gene CPRT, TGB1, and TGB2 segments), four (RNA-rep), or three (TGB3) lineages. In genetic analysis, the TGB3 revealed more genetic variability (Pi = 0.034) compared with other regions. Population selection analysis revealed that most of the codons were generally under negative selection or neutral evolution in the BSBV isolates studied. However, positive selection was detected at codon 135 in the TGB1, which could be an adaptation in order to facilitate the movement and overcome the host plant resistance genes. We expect that the information on genome properties and genetic variability of BSBV, particularly in TGB3, TGB1, and CPRT genes, assist in developing effective control measures in order to prevent severe losses and make amendments in management strategies.
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