Background
Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widespread tick‐borne zoonosis with reported detection of virus and/or virus‐specific antibodies from over 57 countries across Africa, Asia, ...Europe and the Middle East and is endemic in the Balkans. Detection of Crimean–Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) antibodies in domestic ruminants has been important in providing initial evidence of virus circulation and in localising CCHFV high‐risk spots for human infection.
Objectives
The present study investigated the possible exposure of sheep to CCHFV in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H).
Methods
To investigate the presence of anti‐CCHFV antibodies in sheep, all sera (n = 176) were tested using multi‐species double antigen enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reactive sera were further complementary tested by adapted commercial indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using FITC‐conjugated protein G instead of anti‐human immunoglobulins.
Results
CCHFV specific antibodies were detected in 17 (9.66%) animals using ELISA test. All negative sera were determined as negative by both tests, while 13 out of 17 ELISA‐positive reactors were also determined as unambiguously positive by IFA test. The age group with the highest proportion of seropositive rectors were the oldest animals.
Conclusions
This is the first report of anti‐CCHFV antibodies in sheep from B&H providing the evidence of CCHFV circulation in the country's sheep population. So far, these findings indicate the circulation of the virus in the westernmost region of the Balkans and point to the potential CCHFV spread further out of this endemic area.
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) infection is endemic in Balkans. A serological survey of 176 sheep was conducted to investigate the circulation to CCHFV in Bosnia and Herzegovina. CCHFV specific antibodies were detected in 17 (9.66%) animals providing the early evidence of CCHFV circulation in the country's sheep population.
The prime significance of species belonging to the genus Culicoides Latreille, 1809 (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) is their ability to transmit viruses such as bluetongue virus (BTV) to wild and domestic ...ruminants. Prior to 1998, BTV was considered exotic in Europe, but according to recent history of its outbreaks, it has become endemic in southern and eastern European countries circulating beyond its expected historical limits, into the Balkan region. The wind-borne long-distance dispersal of Culicoides spp. over water bodies and local spreading between farms emphasize the necessity of filling in the information gaps regarding vector species distribution. In most Balkan countries, data on Culicoides fauna and species distribution are lacking, or information is old and scarce.
During this study, 8586 specimens belonging to 41 species were collected. We present the first faunistic data on Culicoides species in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia. For other countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria and Croatia), all historical records were compiled for the first time and then expanded with our findings to various extents. In all countries, confirmed or suspected BTV vector species belonging to the subgenera Avaritia and Culicoides were collected. The total number of species sampled during our field collections was 20 in Bosnia and Herzegovina (15 new records), 10 in Bulgaria (2 new records), 10 in Croatia (5 new records), 13 in FYROM, 9 in Kosovo, 15 in Montenegro, and 28 in Serbia. Of these, 14 species were registered for the first time in this part of the Balkans.
This paper provides the first data about Culicoides fauna in FYROM, Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia, as well as new records and an update on the checklists for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria and Croatia. These findings provide preliminary insights into the routes of BTV introduction and spreading within the Balkans, and present a valuable contribution to further research related to Culicoides-borne diseases in Europe.
Malignant ovine babesiosis or ovine babesiosis caused by Babesia ovis is an important hemoprotozoan tick-borne disease of sheep. After 70 years, a study was conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in ...the geographical areas of Podrinje and Eastern Herzegovina, aiming to molecularly identify and determine the presence of B. ovis infection in the sheep population. From 2019–2021, a clinical and molecular study was conducted in 53 flocks, and 192 sheep were examined, divided into two groups: clinically suspected and asymptomatic sheep. The presence of B. ovis was confirmed by PCR in blood samples of 75 % and 11.21 % of clinically affected and asymptomatic sheep, respectively. The majority of clinical cases of malignant ovine babesiosis were confirmed in the Rudo epidemiological unit (78.78 %) within the Podrinje region indicating typical seasonal pattern of disease occurrence and endemic focus. Rhipicephalus bursa was only tick species identified in Podrinje and Eastern Herzegovina. Acute form of disease was observed with dominant clinical signs of depression, fever, loss of appetite and respiratory distress. Fatal outcome was recorded in 12.28 % of cases. This study describes the molecular detection of B. ovis in sheep in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the first time. To the authors knowledge, this survey represents a report of the highest number of clinical cases of malignant ovine babesiosis in Europe. Since the disease has been recorded in the south-eastern border of Bosnia and Herzegovina, there is a high risk of disease transmission to a wider area of the Balkan region.
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•Malignant ovine babesiosis is an typical sheep disease for Middle East.•Only historical significance for Bosnia and Herzegovina and western region of Balkans.•PCR confirmed clinical cases of Babesia ovis infection in sheep from Bosnia and Herzegovina with documented areal dominance of Rhipicephalus bursa.•Epidemiological indication for endemic focus in some regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina?•High number of reported clinical cases of malignant ovine babesiosis in the border region of country is risk for disease spreading to other Balkan countries.
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus is a tick-borne zoonotic agent of the genus Orthonairovirus, and the causal agent of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in humans. The study is aimed at ...investigating the presence of CCHFV RNA in ticks and cattle in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), as well as the exposure of cattle to CCHFV in this country. Only one pool of three male Hyalomma marginatum ticks tested positive for viral RNA (3/760, 0.39%). No viral RNA was detected in 206 bovine blood samples using real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR). The overall seroprevalence of CCHFV in the cattle population was estimated as 14.97% (72/481). The results indicate the presence and the established circulation of CCHFV in B&H. Considering the endemic character of CCHFV in the Balkans as well as our results, the possibility that CCHFV is endemic in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina is considered to be very high.
Babesia spp. are tick-transmitted protozoan haemoparasites of great economic, veterinary and medical impact worldwide. Herein we reported the very high prevalence of autochthonous babesiosis in ...symptomatic dogs from Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period from 2014 to 2016. Eighty dogs that did not leave the country were examined using parasitological and molecular analyses and babesiosis was diagnosed in 82.5% and 85.0% of them, respectively (p < 0.001). One species, Babesia canis was identified using molecular methodology (PCR and sequence analysis). Statistical analyses showed that epizootiological characteristics have no influence on the possibility of infection. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) analyses used for comparing the symptoms and clinical signs of infection in dogs pointed out that a high degree of anemia, followed by thrombocytopenia (89%), lethargy (100%), loss of appetite (95%), fever (66%) and icterus (61%) was dominant. In addition, results of the statistical analysis performed showed that more dogs with no data of tick prophylaxis (70%) were found Babesia infected. Those results point to further intensified epizootic surveys in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The first occurrence of bluetongue disease in Bosnia and Herzegovina was registered in 2002 in the area of Kalesija municipality. Entomological investigation of the presence of Culicoides species in ...that area was conducted in 2007. The aim of the research was to establish the presence of the main vector of bluetongue virus. Collections and analyses of Culicoides midges were performed in accordance with the protocols of the National Reference Centre for Exotic Diseases (Centro Studi Malattie Esotiche) in Teramo, Italy. Traps for capturing midges were placed next to four sheep farms. During the investigation, a total of 2,256 Culicoides midges were collected and only one species was identified, Culicoides obsoletus Meigen, 1818.
Ekstrakt drveta pitomog kestena je smjesa taninskih i netaninskih komponenti. Od taninskih komponenti najzastupljeniji glikozidi su kastalagin i veskalagin, koji su i najvažniji, jer imaju terapijsko ...djelovanje. Tijekom provedenih in vitro i in vivo ispitivanja ustvrđeno je da tanini ekstrakta drveta pitomog kestena imaju antidiuretsko, adstringentno, antivirusno, antimikrobno, antiprotozoalno i antihelmintičko djelovanje. Isto tako djeluju i kao antikancerogene tvari. Tanini učestvuju u interakciji s membranskim strukturama nekih mikroorganizama pa na taj način izazivaju smanjenje permeabiliteta stanične membrane. Ovo antimikrobno djelovanje je u prednosti u odnosu na djelovanje antibiotika, jer tanini izazivaju samo inhibiciju rasta mikroflore, ali ne i njenu destrukciju. Tanini unešeni p.o. u terapijskim koncentracijama (2-5%) se ne resorbiraju, tako da ne mogu izazvati farmakodinamičke učinke na drugim sustavima. U crijevima se hidrolizom potpuno biotransformiraju do polifenola (galne, digalne i elagne kiseline) i glukoze, kao osnovnih komponenti. U mokraći se mogu ustvrditi samo razgradni produkti tanina u obliku glukuronida. U terapijskim koncentracijama tanini vrlo slabo djeluju na kožu, dok na sluznice djeluju adstringentno. U većim koncentracijama mogu prouzročiti propadanje površnih pa i dubljih slojeva sluznica i granulacionog tkiva. Imajući u vidu činjenicu da ne pokazuju teratogene, kancerogene, niti mutagene učinke, može se zaključiti da su tanini sasvim sigurni prirodni lijekovi. Ako se ovom dodaju i njihova brojna korisna farmakodinamična djelovanja, onda se može zaključiti da bi se tanini trebali češće i obimnije upotrebljavati u veterinarskoj medicini.
Značenje kliničke primjene timola Mujezinović, Indira; Smajlović, Ahmed; Zuko, Almedina ...
Veterinarska stanica,
04/2018, Letnik:
49, Številka:
2
Paper
Odprti dostop
Timol (2-izopropil-5 metilfenol) je prirodni spoj iz grupe monoterpenskih fenola. Ovi fenoli su prisutni u eteričnim uljima mnogih biljaka iz porodice Labiateae, koji se već stoljećima koriste u ...narodnoj medicini. Tijekom dugogodišnje uporabe, ustanovljeno je da timol ima, uz antiseptičko, spazmolitičko i antihelmintičko djelovanje. Antimikrobni spektar timola je širok, jer djeluje na Gram-pozitivne i Gram-negativne bakterije, gljivice i kvasnice. Kao prirodna alternativa antibioticima, za razliku od brojnih antibiotika s baktericidnim djelovanjem, napada organele bakterije, posebice enzime respiratornih organa, koji su vezani za mezosome stanične membrane. Na ovaj način dolazi do potpunog uništavanja patogenih aerobnih bakterija, jer dolazi do blokiranja staničnog disanja (respiracije) i smrti bakterije. Danas se timol s uspjehom koristi kako u humanoj, tako i u veterinarskoj medicini. U veterinarskoj se praksi koristi u različitih vrsta životinja u terapiji respiratornih bolesti, a naročito u pčelarstvu, jer ima dobar akaricidni učinak u vrlo malim koncentracijama. Točan mehanizam akaricidnog djelovanja timola još uvijek nije dovoljno poznat. Smatra se da je neurotoksično djelovanje timola na oktopaminergičke neurone grinja i kukaca posredovano GABA(A)-R receptorima. Najvjerojatnije da je ugibanje grinja posljedica njihovog gušenja. Timol se brzo resorbira iz gastrointestinalnog sustava, metabolizira oksidacijom i glukuronidacijom te brzo (u prva 24 sata od aplikacije) izlučuje putem urina i to manjim dijelom u nepromijenjenom i većim dijelom u obliku glukuronida i/ ili konjugiranih sulfata. Timol je prirodna i sigurna aktivnu tvar za koju nije potrebno utvrđivati MRL te je uvršten Aneksom II u listu tvari bez karencije. U istraživanjima provedenim na nekim pčelinjim proizvodima (med i vosak) provjeravane su rezidue timola, te je ustvrđeno da timol, kao prirodna tvar predstavlja dobru alternativu sintetičkim akaricidima, naročito zbog toga što ne predstavljaju rizik po zdravlje. Pri procjeni rizika Stručnog vijeća za arome Vijeća Europe 1992., određena je gornja granica za timol u hrani od 50 mg/kg, a u piću od 10 mg/ kg. Tijekom kliničkih ispitivanja različitih ljekovitih pripravaka koji sadržavaju timol na pčelinjim zajednicama nisu zabilježeni štetni učinci nakon primjene u terapijskim koncentracijama. Timol ne djeluje teratogeno, kancerogeno niti mutageno.
Sažetak
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ukupno 699 domaćih ovaca pasmine pramenka, različitog ...spola i starosti. Nakon parazitološke sekcije, vizualnog pregleda i palpacije
jetre, učestalost pojave velikog metilja Fasciola hepatica, malog metilja Dicrocoelium dendriticum, hidatidnih cista Echinococcus granulosus i ikrice Cisticercus tenuicollis je bila 54,2%, 74,1%, 22,6% i 12,5%. Rezultati ovog istraživanja ukazuju da je infestiranost ovim parazitskim vrstama trematoda i razvojnim oblicima cestoda kod zaklanih ovaca prisutna u visokom stupnju, što je od velike važnosti za zdravlje ljudi
U radu je prikazana problematika provođenja mjera u kontroli zdravstvenog stanja divljači kao izvora i vektora zaraznih bolesti.
Kontrola pojave i širenja bolesti divljači u Bosni i Hercegovini. Kako ...još uvijek nisu poznate stvarne direktne štete uzrokovane bolestima
divljači a niti one nastale lovnim gospodarenjem naglašava se važnost monitoringa divljači za cijelo područje zemlje. Analiza
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a indikativni su samo tek kada se na nekom području epidemija razvije. U uspostavi monitoringa naglašena je dobro osmišljena i
kvalitetna koordinacija veterinarske i lovne struke.
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