In this study we explore effects of two distinct tax policies on innovation in a pure knowledge economy: an ‘IP box’ incentive and a (hypothetical) tax incentive on compensation earned by agents from ...profit sharing schemes (PSS). In contrast to the conventional assumption that firms decide on whether to innovate or not, we focus on a bottom-up innovation process (sometimes also called ‘bootleg innovation’), where firms set incentives to fulfill different tasks, but the final decision on whether to make the more innovative task is taken by an employee. We compare the two tax incentives under several distinct specifications demonstrating that the tax incentive on PSS can be a powerful mechanism fostering innovative activity and benefiting at the same time workers, firms and the economy as a whole. This study shows that the more critical for firms is attracting and motivating highly skilled workers, the larger the expected gain from employing the tax incentive on agents' compensation. We also find that the relative efficacy of this tax incentive is moderated by labor mobility and the extent of knowledge spillovers.
•We propose a novel tax incentive directed on profit sharing schemes (PSS).•This is compared to the standard ‘IP box’ incentive in a knowledge economy context.•We show that the PSS incentive benefits workers, firms and the economy as a whole.•Its effectiveness rises with the role of labor relative to capital investments.•Its relative efficacy is also moderated by labor mobility and knowledge spillovers.
The use of licit or illicit substances during pregnancy has the potential to produce adverse health effects for the maternal-fetal dyad. In the United States, it is estimated that >4.4% of pregnant ...women abuse 1 or more substances during pregnancy. Social and environmental factors contribute significantly to increases in the prevalence and complexity of substance abuse disorders. Fear of reprisal prevents many women from accurately reporting substance use patterns and receiving appropriate medical and psychological care. This chapter details the epidemiology and risk factors associated with substance abuse during pregnancy and subsequent complications for the neonate.
Abstract
Exposure to ozone (O3) induces lung injury, pulmonary inflammation, and alters lipid metabolism. During tissue inflammation, specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) facilitate the ...resolution of inflammation. SPMs regulate the pulmonary immune response during infection and allergic asthma; however, the role of SPMs in O3-induced pulmonary injury and inflammation is unknown. We hypothesize that O3 exposure induces pulmonary inflammation by reducing SPMs. To evaluate this, male C57Bl/6J mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) or 1 ppm O3 for 3 h and necropsied 24 h after exposure. Pulmonary injury/inflammation was determined by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) differentials, protein, and lung tissue cytokine expression. SPMs were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and SPM receptors leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (BLT-1), formyl peptide receptor 2 (ALX/FPR2), chemokine-like receptor 1 (ChemR23), and SPM-generating enzyme (5-LOX and 12/15-LOX) expression were measured by real time PCR. 24 h post-O3 exposure, BAL PMNs and protein content were significantly increased compared to FA controls. O3-induced lung inflammation was associated with significant decreases in pulmonary SPM precursors (14-HDHA, 17-HDHA), the SPM PDX, and in pulmonary ALX/FPR2, ChemR23, and 12/15-LOX expression. Exogenous administration of 14-HDHA, 17-HDHA, and PDX 1 h prior to O3 exposure rescued pulmonary SPM precursors/SPMs, decreased proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression, and decreased BAL macrophages and PMNs. Taken together, these data indicate that O3-mediated SPM reductions may drive O3-induced pulmonary inflammation.
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressive drug, exhibiting its effect through inhibition of proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. Standard primary immunosuppressive therapy after orthotopic ...liver transplantation (OLT) is based on a calcineurin-inhibitor (CNI): cyclosporine or tacrolimus. Renal failure with arterial hypertension, due to CNI side-effects, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after OLT. Several studies have shown the efficacy of MMF to improve CNI-induced nephrotoxicity, blood pressure, and uric acid concentration in liver transplant patients with concomitant reduction or withdrawal of CNI. Predose plasma mycophenolic acid concentrations (MPA) are related to adverse events, drug dose, and clinical status. Blood level values outside the suggested MPA therapeutic range are associated with acute rejection episodes and side effects, which have been described in about half of the patients treated with MMF. Most authors have described gastrointestinal and hematological side-effects, whereas these appear usually dose related, responding quickly to reduction.
MMF is potent and safe immunosuppressive agent, and replacement of CNI by MMF in liver transplant patients with renal dysfunction may improve not only kidney function but also other CNI-associated side-effects, such as hypertension and hyperuricemia, with a low risk of rejection.
This book explores the actions and activities of Hungarian nongovernmental organizations to redress the failures of the education system with regard to the Roma and examines the barriers to reform.
Due to high rates of poverty, violence, and discrimination, the Roma (or Gypsy) population in Hungary is clearly seen as a "problem population." As such, in recent years, there has been a great ...proliferation of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) working with and for this subordinated minority. In their work, NGOs use specific discursive strategies that clearly maintain the Roma as problems in need of solutions. In this article, I focus specifically on the manner in which well-meaning organizations, due to constraints from external forces, rely upon stories of discrimination and an overemphasis on poverty. In doing so, they construct the Roma as "needy subjects." Such a construction is problematic because (1) it often deprives the aid recipient of agency, (2) it obscures in-group differentiation and projects a homogenized identity focused on the most marginalized members of the group, and (3) it does not solve a double bind facing the agencies, whose continued funding and recognition rely upon continued reinforcement of differentiated rather than integrated status for those they try to serve. Given NGOs' growing role in delivering services and serving as a voice for marginalized people such as the Roma, recognizing and resolving this double bind is a critical task for European NGOs – and for the funding sources that support them –if they want to be effective in achieving their stated goals.
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) occupy a very ambiguous role in society. Historically, NGOs have been both heralded as democracy in action and criticized for being complicit supporters of ...neoliberalism. Now, in certain contexts, they are rendered as enemies of the nation. In this article, we examine the evolution of nongovernmental organizations in Hungary, a nation where this transformation is exceedingly clear. Hungary provides a pertinent case example to explore the manner in which civil society as an amorphous, ill-defined category becomes a stand-in for whatever the state needs to protect its interests. The current discourse on NGOs in Hungary plays out during and in the aftermath of what has been dubbed the "refugee crisis" of the summer of 2015. Therefore, in this article we explore how the civil sector evolved in Hungary following the end of the Soviet era, the nongovernmental response to the refugee crisis, and the manner in which NGOs and individual volunteers have been characterized in political discourse as "enemies of the state," due to the government's anti-migrant stance. As a result of public rhetoric and policy changes, the civil sector in Hungary has no choice but to either shrink considerably or reframe their activities as decidedly anti-government.
The aim of the study was to evaluate safety and efficacy of everolimus with cyclosporine (CsA) in de novo renal transplant recipients. The immunosuppressive regimen, including basiliximab, everolimus ...(3 mg), and low-dose CsA, was administered to 17 patients, of whom 15 were part of a multicenter randomized study that stipulated cessation of steroids at 7 days posttransplantation in 5 recipients. Five patients underwent dialysis after transplantation for delayed graft function (DGF; 29%), all of whom showed a good recovery within 3 weeks.
The mean follow-up was 45.7 months (SD ± 13). The 1-year graft survival was 100%. We observed one acute rejection episode. No patient experienced a cytomegalovirus infection. Increased cholesterol and triglyceride levels were reported in almost all patients. Severe arthralgia (
n = 3) was treated by everolimus dose reduction to maintain trough levels at 3 ng/mL. We noted a high rate of switch to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) throughout follow-up (
n = 7), due to everolimus-induced side effects. However, we did not observe normalization of lipids after the switch: patients always required stain treatment, resulting in slightly lower serum cholesterol and triglycerides. Everolimus plus CsA was effective to prevent acute rejection after kidney transplantation. To manage the induced side effects of the drugs C
2 monitoring is mandatory, targeting 350 ng/mL during 1 year and 200 to 250 ng/mL thereafter. Careful reduction of everolimus trough levels to 3 ng/mL is recommended for patients with arthralgia.
Community-based participatory research is promoted as the best way to make sustainable health improvements and is therefore the focus of many NGOs. However, Hungarian NGOs that have attempted to use ...community-based methods with Roma communities have come across specific challenges that have led some interventionists to claim that "it is not possible for the Roma to work by democratic measures." Using a social housing program as a case study, this paper examines attempts by Hungarian NGOs to meet the needs of the Roma minority through community based interventions and explores why most organizations have experienced limited success. Interventions, even those that attempt to be collaborative and use participatory methodologies, tend to be hierarchical in nature and strengthen, rather than break down, societal divides.
Every year, 80,000–100,000 ablation procedures take place in the United States and approximately 1% of these involve paediatric patients. As the paediatric population undergoing catheter ablation to ...treat dysrhythmia is constantly growing, involvement of anaesthesiologists in the cardiac electrophysiology laboratory is simultaneously increasing. Compared with the adult population, paediatric patients need deeper sedation or general anaesthesia (GA) to guarantee motionlessness and preserve comfort. As a result, the anaesthesiologist working in this setting should keep in mind heart physiopathology as well as possible interactions between anaesthetic drugs and arrhythmia. In fact, drug-induced suppression of accessory pathways (APs) conduction capacity is a major concern for completing a successful electrophysiology study (EPS). Nevertheless, the literature on this topic is scarce and the optimal type of anaesthesia in EPS and ablation procedures in children is still controversial. Thus, the main goal of the present review is to collect the literature published so far on the effects on cardiac conduction tissue of the drugs commonly employed for sedation/GA in the cath lab for EPS and ablation procedures to treat supraventricular tachycardia in patients aged <18 years.
•Anaesthetics can influence procedural outcomes by potentially affecting arrhythmia inducibility.•Tailoring the anaesthetic plan to each patient is crucial to achieving successful arrhythmia ablation.•Children exhibit unique characteristics that cannot be directly extrapolated from the adult population.•While general anaesthesia is largely adopted in elethrophisiology procedures it may affect procedural outcomes.•Future studies should compare general anaesthesia vs. sedation in terms of successful arrhythmia ablation and safety.
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