The increasing number of new fungal species described from all over the world along with the use of genetics to define taxa, has dramatically changed the classification system of early-diverging ...fungi over the past several decades. The number of phyla established for non-Dikarya fungi has increased from 2 to 17. However, to date, both the classification and phylogeny of the basal fungi are still unresolved. In this article, we review the recent taxonomy of the basal fungi and re-evaluate the relationships among early-diverging lineages of fungal phyla. We also provide information on the ecology and distribution in
Mucoromycota
and highlight the impact of chytrids on amphibian populations. Species concepts in
Chytridiomycota
,
Aphelidiomycota
,
Rozellomycota
,
Neocallimastigomycota
are discussed in this paper. To preserve the current application of the genus
Nephridiophaga
(
Chytridiomycota
:
Nephridiophagales
)
,
a new type species,
Nephridiophaga blattellae
, is proposed.
A Mucoralean fungus was isolated from Caatinga soil of Pernambuco, Northeast of Brazil, and was identified as Cunninghamella echinulata by morphological, physiological, and biochemical tests. This ...strain was evaluated for biosurfactant/bioemulsifier production using soybean oil waste (SOW) and corn steep liquor (CSL) as substrates, added to basic saline solution, by measuring surface tension and emulsifier index and activity. The best results showed the surface water tension was reduced from 72 to 36 mN/m, and an emulsification index (E₂₄) of 80% was obtained using engine oil and burnt engine oil, respectively. A new molecule of biosurfactant showed an anionic charge and a polymeric chemical composition consisting of lipids (40.0% w/w), carbohydrates (35.2% w/w) and protein (20.3% w/w). In addition, the biosurfactant solution (1%) demonstrated its ability for an oil displacement area (ODA) of 37.36 cm², which is quite similar to that for Triton X-100 (38.46 cm²). The stability of the reduction in the surface water tension as well as of the emulsifier index proved to be stable over a wide range of temperatures, in pH, and in salt concentration (4%-6% w/v). The biosurfactant showed an ability to reduce and increase the viscosity of hydrophobic substrates and their molecules, suggesting that it is a suitable candidate for mediated enhanced oil recovery. At the same time, these studies indicate that renewable, relatively inexpensive and easily available resources can be used for important biotechnological processes.
CAMKK2 is a serine/threonine kinase and an activator of AMPK whose dysregulation is linked with multiple diseases. Unfortunately, STO-609, the tool inhibitor commonly used to probe CAMKK2 signaling, ...has limitations. To identify promising scaffolds as starting points for the development of high-quality CAMKK2 chemical probes, we utilized a hinge-binding scaffold hopping strategy to design new CAMKK2 inhibitors. Starting from the potent but promiscuous disubstituted 7-azaindole GSK650934, a total of 32 compounds, composed of single-ring, 5,6-, and 6,6-fused heteroaromatic cores, were synthesized. The compound set was specifically designed to probe interactions with the kinase hinge-binding residues. Compared to GSK650394 and STO-609, 13 compounds displayed similar or better CAMKK2 inhibitory potency in vitro, while compounds 13g and 45 had improved selectivity for CAMKK2 across the kinome. Our systematic survey of hinge-binding chemotypes identified several potent and selective inhibitors of CAMKK2 to serve as starting points for medicinal chemistry programs.
The repeated observation of dog dung covered by abundant white cottony mycelium in a private garden in the city of Rio de Janeiro, state of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) prompted an investigation to ...clarify the identity of the fungus involved. Three different species of mucoralean fungi (together with some ascomycete asexual morphs) were present. Two were identified as belonging to
Mycotypha
sp. and
Thamnostylum
sp., and the third belonged to
Mucor
sp. This publication deals with the full taxonomic elucidation of the latter. Based on morphological, physiological, and molecular data (ITS and LSU rDNA regions), it was recognized that this
Mucor
differed from all other species. It produces strongly sympodially circinate branched sporangiophores (some with up to four septa) with numerous swellings resembling abortive sporangia. It also has cylindrical, obovoid, pyriform, or ovoid columellae and its sporangiospores are mostly ellipsoid, although some are subglobose and others are irregular. Based on the evidence of the analyzed datasets, the new species
Mucor merdophylus
is hereby proposed.
Mucor minutus
(Baijal & B.S. Mehrotra) Schipper is described for the first time from northeastern Brazil. The specimen was isolated from the soil of Florestas do Jussará, an upland forest fragment in ...Pernambuco state. In Brazil,
M. minutus
has previously been isolated only from the state of São Paulo from the soil of the Atlantic Forest. The occurrence of
M. minutus
in Florestas do Jussará is presented and discussed, and a detailed description and illustration of the specimen are presented. This article contributes to the knowledge of mucoralean distribution.
This is a continuity of a series of taxonomic papers where materials are examined, described and novel combinations are proposed where necessary to improve our traditional species concepts and ...provide updates on their classification. In addition to extensive morphological descriptions and appropriate asexual and sexual connections, DNA sequence data are also analysed from concatenated datasets (rDNA, TEF-α, RBP2 and β-Tubulin) to infer phylogenetic relationships and substantiate systematic position of taxa within appropriate ranks. Wherever new species or combinations are being proposed, we apply an integrative approach (morphological and molecular data as well as ecological features wherever applicable). Notes on 125 fungal taxa are compiled in this paper, including eight new genera, 101 new species, two new combinations, one neotype, four reference specimens, new host or distribution records for eight species and one alternative morphs. The new genera introduced in this paper are
Alloarthopyrenia
,
Arundellina
,
Camarosporioides
,
Neomassaria
,
Neomassarina
,
Neotruncatella
,
Paracapsulospora
and
Pseudophaeosphaeria
. The new species are
Alfaria spartii
,
Alloarthopyrenia italica
,
Anthostomella ravenna
,
An
.
thailandica
,
Arthrinium paraphaeospermum
,
Arundellina typhae
,
Aspergillus koreanus
,
Asterina cynometrae
,
Bertiella ellipsoidea
,
Blastophorum aquaticum
,
Cainia globosa
,
Camarosporioides phragmitis
,
Ceramothyrium menglunense
,
Chaetosphaeronema achilleae
,
Chlamydotubeufia helicospora
,
Ciliochorella phanericola
,
Clavulinopsis aurantiaca
,
Colletotrichum insertae
,
Comoclathris italica
,
Coronophora myricoides
,
Cortinarius fulvescentoideus
,
Co
.
nymphatus
,
Co
.
pseudobulliardioides
,
Co
.
tenuifulvescens
,
Cunninghamella gigacellularis
,
Cyathus pyristriatus
,
Cytospora cotini
,
Dematiopleospora alliariae
,
De
.
cirsii
,
Diaporthe aseana
,
Di
.
garethjonesii
,
Distoseptispora multiseptata
,
Dis
.
tectonae
,
Dis
.
tectonigena
,
Dothiora buxi
,
Emericellopsis persica
,
Gloniopsis calami
,
Helicoma guttulatum
,
Helvella floriforma
,
H
.
oblongispora
,
Hermatomyces subiculosa
,
Juncaceicola italica
,
Lactarius dirkii
,
Lentithecium unicellulare
,
Le
.
voraginesporum
,
Leptosphaeria cirsii
,
Leptosphaeria irregularis
,
Leptospora galii
,
Le
.
thailandica
,
Lindgomyces pseudomadisonensis
,
Lophiotrema bambusae
,
Lo
.
fallopiae
,
Meliola citri-maximae
,
Minimelanolocus submersus
,
Montagnula cirsii
,
Mortierella fluviae
,
Muriphaeosphaeria ambrosiae
,
Neodidymelliopsis ranunculi
,
Neomassaria fabacearum
,
Neomassarina thailandica
,
Neomicrosphaeropsis cytisi
,
Neo
.
cytisinus
,
Neo
.
minima
,
Neopestalotiopsis cocoës
,
Neopestalotiopsis musae
,
Neoroussoella lenispora
,
Neotorula submersa
,
Neotruncatella endophytica
,
Nodulosphaeria italica
,
Occultibambusa aquatica
,
Oc
.
chiangraiensis
,
Ophiocordyceps hemisphaerica
,
Op
.
lacrimoidis
,
Paracapsulospora metroxyli
,
Pestalotiopsis sequoiae
,
Peziza fruticosa
,
Pleurotrema thailandica
,
Poaceicola arundinis
,
Polyporus mangshanensis
,
Pseudocoleophoma typhicola
,
Pseudodictyosporium thailandica
,
Pseudophaeosphaeria rubi
,
Purpureocillium sodanum
,
Ramariopsis atlantica
,
Rhodocybe griseoaurantia
,
Rh
.
indica
,
Rh
.
luteobrunnea
,
Russula indoalba
,
Ru
.
pseudoamoenicolor
,
Sporidesmium aquaticivaginatum
,
Sp
.
olivaceoconidium
,
Sp
.
pyriformatum
,
Stagonospora forlicesenensis
,
Stagonosporopsis centaureae
,
Terriera thailandica
,
Tremateia arundicola
,
Tr
.
guiyangensis
,
Trichomerium bambusae
,
Tubeufia hyalospora
,
Tu
.
roseohelicospora
and
Wojnowicia italica
. New combinations are given for
Hermatomyces mirum
and
Pallidocercospora thailandica
. A neotype is proposed for
Cortinarius fulvescens
. Reference specimens are given for
Aquaphila albicans
,
Leptospora rubella
,
Platychora ulmi
and
Meliola pseudosasae
, while new host or distribution records are provided for
Diaporthe eres
,
Di. siamensis
,
Di
.
foeniculina
,
Dothiorella iranica
,
Do. sarmentorum
,
Do. vidmadera
,
Helvella tinta
and
Vaginatispora fuckelii
, with full taxonomic details. An asexual state is also reported for the first time in
Neoacanthostigma septoconstrictum
. This paper contributes to a more comprehensive update and improved identification of many ascomycetes and basiodiomycetes.
Dipetalogaster maxima is a blood-sucking Hemiptera that inhabits sylvatic areas in Mexico. It usually takes its blood meal from lizards, but following human population growth, it invaded suburban ...areas, feeding also on humans and domestic animals. Hematophagous insect salivary glands produce potent pharmacologic compounds that counteract host hemostasis, including anticlotting, antiplatelet, and vasodilatory molecules. To obtain further insight into the salivary biochemical and pharmacologic complexity of this insect, a cDNA library from its salivary glands was randomly sequenced. Salivary proteins were also submitted to one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1DE and 2DE) followed by mass spectrometry analysis. We present the analysis of a set of 2728 cDNA sequences, 1375 of which coded for proteins of a putative secretory nature. The saliva 2DE proteome displayed approximately 150 spots. The mass spectrometry analysis revealed mainly lipocalins, pallidipins, antigen 5-like proteins, and apyrases. The redundancy of sequence identification of saliva-secreted proteins suggests that proteins are present in multiple isoforms or derive from gene duplications.
During studies on Mucorales in semiarid and littoral dune areas in the northeast of Brazil, two cultures of an
Absidia
-like species were isolated from soil. They were characterized based on ...morphological, physiological and molecular data (5.8S and LSU rDNA sequences). The phylogenetic analyses of the isolates revealed that they belong to the Lichtheimiaceae and are closely related to species of
Lichtheimia
. The two isolates produced simple or branched, erect and circinate sporophores, occasionally with a septum under the sporangia, characteristics also common in
Lichtheimia
species. However, different from the described
Lichtheimia
species, the columellae of our isolates were mainly short hemispherical, never spatulate or elliptical and without projections. Sometimes, a long conical or bell shaped apophysis was found. Both isolates grew better at 30–35 °C, with no development at 42 °C, and giant cells were not observed. Based on the evidence of the analyzed datasets a new species of
Lichtheimia
is proposed.
Mucor inaequisporus
Dade (Mucorales, Mucoromycota) was isolated for the first time from soil in an area of Atlantic Forest in the state of Alagoas, Brazil. It is distinguished from other species by ...simultaneously producing erect, undulating and curved sporangiophores, as well as mostly pyriform, oblong, conic, ellipsoid, and obovoid columellae. The sporangiospores vary in size and shape, with some irregular in shape. Aspects of the morphology and distribution of this species are commented on.
Mucor nidicola
, a mucoralean fungus, was isolated for the first time from a wasp nest in Massachusetts, USA, and then reported in the state of Paraná, Brazil, as an entomopathogenic fungus collected ...from insects in strawberry crops. This work reports the first occurrence of M. nidicola from soil in the Brazilian Northeast. This species is distinguished from other species by producing erect, unbranched, and once-branched sporangiophores, globose to subglobose columellae, and mostly ellipsoidal sporangiospores, but with some irregular and varying in size and shape.
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