Summary
Background
Obesity in childhood is related to multiple lifestyle factors. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between consumption of 100% fruit juice and weight status over time ...among pre‐school children.
Methods
We used linear and logistic multivariable regression to evaluate body mass index (BMI) z‐score and overweight/obese status as a function of 100% fruit juice intake for 8950 children examined at ages 2, 4 and 5 years as part of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort, a representative sample of the United States.
Results
Cross‐sectional analysis at ages 4 and 5 years showed no difference in the prevalence of overweight and obesity between consistent juice drinkers and inconsistent/non‐drinkers. Longitudinal analysis found that children who drank 100% juice consistently at age 2 years had greater increases in BMI z‐score by age 4 years than infrequent/non‐drinkers (P < 0.0001), a difference driven by lesser increases in height z‐score (P = 0.0003) and slightly greater increases in weight z‐score (P = 0.0550) among consistent juice drinkers over the 2 to 4 year time period. Additionally, consistent juice drinkers at age 2 had higher odds of becoming overweight by age 4 (adjusted odds ratio 1.30; CI 1.06–1.60). These differences in growth parameters were not noted between ages 4 and 5 years.
Conclusions
Drinking 100% fruit juice regularly at age 2 is associated with higher odds of becoming overweight between 2 and 4 years. Paediatricians and parents can discourage excessive fruit juice consumption as part of a larger effort to avoid unhealthy gain in BMI in young children.
Abstract
Using ground-based gravitational-wave detectors, we probe the mass function of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) wherein we also include BHs in the upper mass gap at ∼60–130
M
⊙
. ...Employing the projected sensitivity of the upcoming LIGO and Virgo fourth observing run (O4), we perform Bayesian analysis on quasi-circular nonprecessing, spinning IMBH binaries (IMBHBs) with total masses 50–500
M
⊙
, mass ratios 1.25, 4, and 10, and dimensionless spins up to 0.95, and estimate the precision with which the source-frame parameters can be measured. We find that, at 2
σ
, the mass of the heavier component of IMBHBs can be constrained with an uncertainty of ∼10%–40% at a signal-to-noise ratio of 20. Focusing on the stellar-mass gap with new tabulations of the
12
C(
α
,
γ
)
16
O reaction rate and its uncertainties, we evolve massive helium core stars using
MESA
to establish the lower and upper edges of the mass gap as ≃
59
−
13
+
34
M
⊙
and ≃
139
−
14
+
30
M
⊙
respectively, where the error bars give the mass range that follows from the ±3
σ
uncertainty in the
12
C(
α
,
γ
)
16
O nuclear reaction rate. We find that high resolution of the tabulated reaction rate and fine temporal resolution are necessary to resolve the peak of the BH mass spectrum. We then study IMBHBs with components lying in the mass gap and show that the O4 run will be able to robustly identify most such systems. Finally, we reanalyze GW190521 with a state-of-the-art aligned-spin waveform model, finding that the primary mass lies in the mass gap with 90% credibility.
Summary
Background and Objective
Short night‐time sleep duration is a possible factor contributing to childhood obesity. Our objective was to evaluate associations between sleep timing (including ...bedtime and waketime) and weight gain in 4‐ to 5‐year‐old children.
Methods
We used cross‐sectional and longitudinal regression analyses of a large, nationally representative sample of children from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort. Data regarding the timing and duration of weekday sleep were assessed via parent questionnaire. Short sleep duration, late bedtime and early waketime were defined as those greater than one standard deviation from the mean for the group.
Results
Using linear regression adjusted for confounders, sleep duration at 4 and 5 years and bedtime at 5 years were linked to body mass index (BMI) z‐score (P < 0.001). Odds of obesity were higher at 4 years for children sleeping <9.44 h nightly (adjusted odds ratio 1.35, confidence interval 1.02–1.78, P < 0.05) and at 5 years for children going to bed at 9:00 pm or later (1.49, 1.16–1.45, P < 0.01) or waking before 6:30 am (1.23, 1.01–15.51, P < 0.05). Assessed longitudinally, both short sleep duration (P < 0.05) and later bedtime at 4 years (P < 0.01) were associated with increases in BMI z‐score between 4 and 5 years.
Conclusions
Children with shorter night‐time sleep durations and later bedtimes were more likely to be obese and to gain weight over time. Pediatricians should encourage families to place children to bed at earlier times to promote longer sleep duration as a potential means of controlling weight gain.
Radio wavelengths can probe altitudes in Jupiter's atmosphere below its visible cloud layers. We used the Very Large Array to map this unexplored region down to ~8 bar, ~100 kilometers below the ...visible clouds. Our maps reveal a dynamically active planet at pressures less than 2 to 3 bar. A radio-hot belt exists, consisting of relatively transparent regions (a low ammonia concentration, NH₃ being the dominant source of opacity) probing depths to over ~8 bar; these regions probably coincide with 5-micrometer hot spots. Just to the south we distinguish an equatorial wave, bringing up ammonia gas from Jupiter's deep atmosphere. This wave has been theorized to produce the 5-micrometer hot spots; we observed the predicted radio counterpart of such hot spots.
Summary
Background
Relationships between birthweight and future obesity risk remain unclear.
Objective
To assess associations between birthweight and later obesity in a nationally representative ...cohort of early school‐aged children.
Methods
We used linear and logistic regression to evaluate 10 186 term‐ or preterm children in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study‐Kindergarten Cohort 2011 for relationships between birthweight and later obesity and change in BMI z‐score from kindergarten‐to‐second grade. All analyses were adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, parental education and household income.
Results
Compared to children born normal birthweight (NBW), high birthweight (HBW) term children and large‐for‐gestational‐age (LGA) preterm children had significantly greater BMI z‐scores from kindergarten‐to‐second grade (p < 0.001). Term children born HBW had higher odds of obesity by kindergarten (adjusted odds ratios aOR 1.91, p < 0.0001). Among preterm children, odds of obesity was higher among LGA children starting in first grade (aOR 2.34, p < 0.05) and among small‐for‐gestational age children in second grade (aOR 2.26, p < 0.05). Compared to NBW children, HBW children had greater change in BMI z‐score between kindergarten‐first grade (p < 0.01).
Conclusions
High birthweight term and LGA preterm children had increased adjusted odds of obesity in school‐age compared to their NBW counterparts. Physicians may provide counselling early in life for families of large infants to help prevent future obesity.
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