Ralstonia solanacearum
is one of the causal agent of bacterial wilt in Brazil. This is the main bacteriosis in tomato plants, which can cause losses of up to 100% in their production. The use of ...resistant cultivars is the main form of control. Thus, the study of genetic control of resistance provides essential information for the conduct of breeding programs. The objective of this work was to study the genetic control of tomato plant ‘Yoshimatsu’ resistance to
R. solanacearum
. The experiments were conducted in greehouse with the Yoshimatsu and IPA-7 parents; F
1
, F
2
, RC
11
, RC
21
generations; and F
2:3
progenies. All plants were inoculated using a
R. solanacearum
isolate from the collection of the Phitobacteriology Laboratory of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco. The severity of bacterial wilt were assessed through a descriptive scale of scores at 10 and 20 days after inoculation. The resistance to
R. solanacearum
in the ‘Yoshimatsu’ cultivar is associated with recessive alleles, in which the genetic control of resistance is determined by two independent genes of greater effect with only additive effects, plus polygenes associated with additive and dominance effects.
ABSTRACT
To investigate how and to what extent there are differences in the photosynthetic plasticity of trees in response to different light environments, six species from three successional groups ...(late successional, mid‐successional, and pioneers) were exposed to three different light environments deep shade – DS (5% full sunlight – FS), moderate shade – MS (35% FS) and full sunlight – FS.
Maximum net photosynthesis (Amax), leaf N partitioning, stomatal, mesophile, and biochemical limitations (SL, ML, and BL, respectively), carboxylation velocity (Vcmax), and electron transport (Jmax) rates, and the state of photosynthetic induction (IS) were evaluated.
Higher values of Amax, Vcmax, and Jmax in FS were observed for pioneer species, which invested the largest amount of leaf N in Rubisco. The lower IS for pioneer species reveals its reduced ability to take advantage of sunflecks. In general, the main photosynthetic limitations are diffusive, with SL and ML having equal importance under FS, and ML decreasing along with irradiance. The leaf traits, which are more determinant of the photosynthetic process, respond independently in relation to the successional group, especially with low light availability.
An effective partitioning of leaf N between photosynthetic and structural components played a crucial role in the acclimation process and determined the increase or decrease of photosynthesis in response to the light conditions.
Variations in the photosynthetic plasticity of tropical trees.
Abstract
The selection of low-radioactive construction materials is of utmost importance for the success of low-energy rare event search experiments. Besides radioactive contaminants in the bulk, the ...emanation of radioactive radon atoms from material surfaces attains increasing relevance in the effort to further reduce the background of such experiments. In this work, we present the
$$^{222}$$
222
Rn emanation measurements performed for the XENON1T dark matter experiment. Together with the bulk impurity screening campaign, the results enabled us to select the radio-purest construction materials, targeting a
$$^{222}$$
222
Rn activity concentration of
$$10\,\mathrm{\,}\upmu \mathrm{Bq}/\mathrm{kg}$$
10
μ
Bq
/
kg
in
$$3.2\,\mathrm{t}$$
3.2
t
of xenon. The knowledge of the distribution of the
$$^{222}$$
222
Rn sources allowed us to selectively eliminate problematic components in the course of the experiment. The predictions from the emanation measurements were compared to data of the
$$^{222}$$
222
Rn activity concentration in XENON1T. The final
$$^{222}$$
222
Rn activity concentration of
$$(4.5\pm 0.1)\,\mathrm{\,}\upmu \mathrm{Bq}/\mathrm{kg}$$
(
4.5
±
0.1
)
μ
Bq
/
kg
in the target of XENON1T is the lowest ever achieved in a xenon dark matter experiment.
Bispo et al discuss their study on the recovery of a degraded area using Platycyamus regnellii (Fabaceae) saplings. The degradation of nature, particularly the removal of vegetation cover from the ...soil, is a significant concern in expert debates. In Brazil, to restore these degraded areas, pioneer plants such as Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis are commonly used. However, the native tree Platycyamus regnellii is also a promising option due to its various uses and ecological characteristics. Insects play a crucial role in assessing the success of restoration efforts, as they are highly sensitive to environmental changes. The study aimed to evaluate the numbers and diversity of leaves, branches, and different insect groups on P. regnellii saplings in a degraded area. The results showed that older saplings had larger canopies and greater ground coverage, leading to higher abundances and species richness of herbivorous and pollinator insects, as well as predators.
American tegumentary leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by Leishmania protozoans. Innate immune cells undergo long-term functional reprogramming in response to infection or ...Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination via a process called trained immunity, conferring non-specific protection from secondary infections. Here, we demonstrate that monocytes trained with the fungal cell wall component β-glucan confer enhanced protection against infections caused by Leishmania braziliensis through the enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines. Mechanistically, this augmented immunological response is dependent on increased expression of interleukin 32 (IL-32). Studies performed using a humanized IL-32 transgenic mouse highlight the clinical implications of these findings in vivo. This study represents a definitive characterization of the role of IL-32γ in the trained phenotype induced by β-glucan or BCG, the results of which improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing trained immunity and Leishmania infection control.
Display omitted
•Trained immunity induced by β-glucan protects against L. braziliensis infections•β-glucan-induced protection against Leishmania is mediated by IL-32 and IL-1•Bone marrow of IL-32TG mice shows increased responsiveness after β-glucan exposure•IL-32 modulates gene transcription of HSPCs and GMP in BCG-vaccinated subjects
dos Santos et al. describe that trained immunity induced by β-glucan confers protection against L. braziliensis infections. Infection control is associated with IL-32 and IL-1 induction. Genetic variation in the IL-32 gene enhances induction of trained immunity leading to proinflammatory gene transcription in bone marrow hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
Amazon forest response to repeated droughts Feldpausch, T. R.; Phillips, O. L.; Brienen, R. J. W. ...
Global biogeochemical cycles,
July 2016, Letnik:
30, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The Amazon Basin has experienced more variable climate over the last decade, with a severe and widespread drought in 2005 causing large basin‐wide losses of biomass. A drought of similar ...climatological magnitude occurred again in 2010; however, there has been no basin‐wide ground‐based evaluation of effects on vegetation. We examine to what extent the 2010 drought affected forest dynamics using ground‐based observations of mortality and growth from an extensive forest plot network. We find that during the 2010 drought interval, forests did not gain biomass (net change: −0.43 Mg ha−1, confidence interval (CI): −1.11, 0.19, n = 97), regardless of whether forests experienced precipitation deficit anomalies. This contrasted with a long‐term biomass sink during the baseline pre‐2010 drought period (1998 to pre‐2010) of 1.33 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (CI: 0.90, 1.74, p < 0.01). The resulting net impact of the 2010 drought (i.e., reversal of the baseline net sink) was −1.95 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (CI:−2.77, −1.18; p < 0.001). This net biomass impact was driven by an increase in biomass mortality (1.45 Mg ha−1 yr−1 CI: 0.66, 2.25, p < 0.001) and a decline in biomass productivity (−0.50 Mg ha−1 yr−1, CI:−0.78, −0.31; p < 0.001). Surprisingly, the magnitude of the losses through tree mortality was unrelated to estimated local precipitation anomalies and was independent of estimated local pre‐2010 drought history. Thus, there was no evidence that pre‐2010 droughts compounded the effects of the 2010 drought. We detected a systematic basin‐wide impact of the 2010 drought on tree growth rates across Amazonia, which was related to the strength of the moisture deficit. This impact differed from the drought event in 2005 which did not affect productivity. Based on these ground data, live biomass in trees and corresponding estimates of live biomass in lianas and roots, we estimate that intact forests in Amazonia were carbon neutral in 2010 (−0.07 Pg C yr−1 CI:−0.42, 0.23), consistent with results from an independent analysis of airborne estimates of land‐atmospheric fluxes during 2010. Relative to the long‐term mean, the 2010 drought resulted in a reduction in biomass carbon uptake of 1.1 Pg C, compared to 1.6 Pg C for the 2005 event.
Key Points
During the 2010 drought interval, Amazon forests did not gain biomass, regardless of whether forests experienced precipitation deficit anomalies
Biomass losses were partially driven by a decline in productivity related to precipitation anomalies
Pre‐2010 droughts did not compound the effects of the 2010 drought
A good understanding of electroluminescence is a prerequisite when optimising double-phase noble gas detectors for Dark Matter searches and high-pressure xenon TPCs for neutrinoless double beta decay ...detection.
A simulation toolkit for calculating the emission of light through electron impact on neon, argon, krypton and xenon has been developed using the Magboltz and Garfield programs. Calculated excitation and electroluminescence efficiencies, electroluminescence yield and associated statistical fluctuations are presented as a function of electric field. Good agreement with experiment and with Monte Carlo simulations has been obtained.
Brain function is a product of the balance between excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) brain activity. Variation in the regulation of this activity is thought to give rise to normal variation in human ...traits, and disruptions are thought to potentially underlie a spectrum of neuropsychiatric conditions (e.g., Autism, Schizophrenia, Downs' Syndrome, intellectual disability). Hypotheses related to E/I dysfunction have the potential to provide cross-diagnostic explanations and to combine genetic and neurological evidence that exists within and between psychiatric conditions. However, the hypothesis has been difficult to test because: (1) it lacks specificity-an E/I dysfunction could pertain to any level in the neural system- neurotransmitters, single neurons/receptors, local networks of neurons, or global brain balance - most researchers do not define the level at which they are examining E/I function; (2) We lack validated methods for assessing E/I function at any of these neural levels in humans. As a result, it has not been possible to reliably or robustly test the E/I hypothesis of psychiatric disorders in a large cohort or longitudinal patient studies. Currently available, in vivo markers of E/I in humans either carry significant risks (e.g., deep brain electrode recordings or using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) with radioactive tracers) and/or are highly restrictive (e.g., limited spatial extent for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). More recently, a range of novel Electroencephalography (EEG) features has been described, which could serve as proxy markers for E/I at a given level of inference. Thus, in this perspective review, we survey the theories and experimental evidence underlying 6 novel EEG markers and their biological underpinnings at a specific neural level. These cheap-to-record and scalable proxy markers may offer clinical utility for identifying subgroups within and between diagnostic categories, thus directing more tailored sub-grouping and, therefore, treatment strategies. However, we argue that studies in clinical populations are premature. To maximize the potential of prospective EEG markers, we first need to understand the link between underlying E/I mechanisms and measurement techniques.
In contrast to mammals and vascular plants, microalgae show a high diversity in the N-glycan structures of complex N-glycoproteins. Although homologues for β1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I ...(GnTI), a key enzyme in the formation of complex N-glycans, have been identified in several algal species, GnTI-dependent N-glycans have not been detected so far.
We have performed an N-glycoproteomic analysis of the hydrocarbon oils accumulating green microalgae Botryococcus braunii. Thereby, the analysis of intact N-glycopeptides allowed the determination of N-glycan compositions. Furthermore, insights into the role of N-glycosylation in B. braunii were gained from functional annotation of the identified N-glycoproteins.
In total, 517 unique N-glycosylated peptides have been identified, including intact N-glycopeptides that harbored N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc) at the nonreducing end. Surprisingly, these GnTI-dependent N-glycans were also found to be modified with (di)methylated hexose.
The identification of GnTI-dependent N-glycans in combination with N-glycan methylation in B. braunii revealed an uncommon type of N-glycan processing in this microalgae.
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