While classical economic theory suggests that the demand for private goods is motivated by economic self-interest, much of the current literature suggests that the demand for public goods is driven ...both by self-interest and by altruistic motives. It is argued that self-interest as well as altruism figure in economic choices regarding environmental quality protection. Since voting is a means for expressing individual preference for alternative social states, voting records are a logical place to begin seeking evidence of altruistic behavior. Also, voting on referenda reveals individual preferences for alternative social states that are not as likely to be biased by strategic motivations as are votes by representatives. Data from the referendum vote on California's Proposition 65 (the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986) are used to develop a theoretical model of voting behavior.
Greek parties deviate from the traditional western model because they have been personalistic and polyarchic. Presents a discriminant analysis to assign individuals correctly to their party or party ...bloc based on a linear combination of quantitative differences in the issues selected to predict partisan preference. The survey was conducted in May 1986, after the economic stabilisation measures but before the disclosures on Papandreou's involvement with Dimitra Liani and the Koskotas embezzlement scandal. (SJK)
Individual determinants of unemployment durations,
by Liliane Bonnal, Denis Fougère.
From a statistical standpoint, this paper analyzes the effects of individual characteristics on average ...unemployment durations and the types of duration with competing risks. The results show that time-profiles of specific hazard rates or exit rates from unemployment depend on the destination state the two options basically being: finding a job, and being removed from the ANPE (National Agency for Employment) lists for not checking in. Furthermore, the individual factors determining these rates differ from one destination state to another. Variables which influence the instantaneous probability to be hired are demographic (sex, age, citizenship, marital status) and socio-economic (education, job qualifications, socio-professional categories) individual characteristics.
Les déterminants individuels de la durée du chômage,
par Liliane Bonnal, Denis Fougère.
Cet article analyse, d'un point de vue statistique, les effets des caractéristiques individuelles sur les durées moyennes et les types de durée à risques concurrents. Les résultats font ressortir que les évolutions, avec l'ancienneté en chômage, des probabilités instantanées de sortie dépendent des issues considérées (principalement : reprise d'un emploi et radiation de l'Anpe pour absence de pointage). En outre, les caractéristiques individuelles agissant sur ces probabilités diffèrent selon l'issue. Les variables ayant un effet sur la probabilité instantanée sont des caractéristiques individuelles démographiques (sexe, âge, nationalité, situation familiale) et socio-économiques (formation initiale, qualification, Csp).
Die individuellen Determinanten der Arbeitslosigkeitsdauer,
von Liliane Bonnal, Denis Fougère.
Dieser Artikel enthält eine statistische Analyse der Auswirkungen der individuellen Charakteristiken auf die durchschnittliche Dauer und die Art der Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit bei Zusammenwirken mehrerer Risiken. Aus den Ergebnissen geht hervor, daß mit der Zunahme der Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit die Entwicklungen der kurzfristigen Wahrscheinlichkeiten der Beendigung der Arbeitslosigkeit vom jeweiligen Ausgang abhängig sind (insbesondere Wiederaufnahme einer Beschäftigung und Löschen aus der Arbeitsamtdatei infolge nicht regelmäßigen Erscheinens). Daneben sind die individuellen Charakteristiken, die sich auf diese Wahrscheinlichkeiten auswirken, je nach Ausgang verschieden. Die Variablen, die die kurzfristige Wahrscheinlichkeit beeinflussen, betreffen zum einen die individuellen demographischen Charakteristiken (Geschlecht, Alter, Staatsangehörigkeit, Familienstand) und zum anderen die individuellen sozioökonomischen Charakteristiken (anfängliche Ausbildung, Qualifizierung, Stellung im Erwerbsleben).
Los determinantes individuates de la duración del desempleo,
Liliane Bonnal, Denis Fougère.
En el presente artículo se analiza, desde un punto de vista estadístico, los efectos de las características individuales sobre las duraciones médias y los tipos de duración de riesgos concurrentes. Los resultados muestran que la evolución, según la duración del desempleo, de las probabilidades instantáneas de terminar con esta situación dependen de las salidas consideradas (principalmente : reintegración al trabajo y baja obligatoria, impuesta por la oficina de trabajo por ausencia de control). Además, las características individuales que intervienen en estas probabilidades difieren según las salidas. Las variables que modifican la probabilidad instantánea son las características individuales demográficas (sexo, edad, nacionalidad, situación familar) y socio-económicas (formación inicial, cualificación, Csp).
One of the major goals of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) is to reduce the number of undocumented immigrants coming to and residing in the United States. This goal is pursued by ...allocating increased resources to Border Patrol enforcement, imposing penalties on employers for hiring undocumented workers, and offering to legalize the undocumented population that has resided in the country for a substantial period of time. This paper evaluates the impact of IRCA on the flow of undocumented migrants across the U.S.-Mexican border by analyzing a monthly time series of Border Patrol apprehensions from January 1977 to September 1988 within the context of a multivariate statistical model. The model provides a good fit to the data (R² = 0.94), and our results indicate that INS resources, Mexican population growth, comparative economic conditions on both sides of the border, and seasonal factors related to the agricultural planting and harvesting cycle are all determinants of border apprehensions and, by implication, of the flow of undocumented migrants to the United States. IRCA's impacts on the number of ' apprehensions averted' operate mainly through changes in INS effort, the SAWs agricultural legalization program, and other IRCA-related factors. Our analysis concludes that the effects of IRCA, though perhaps smaller than sometimes alleged, were associated with a cumulative net reduction in linewatch apprehensions of nearly 700,000 in the 23-month period following enactment of the law. The associated reduction over the same period in the number of illegal border crossings may be as high as 2 million.
The federal tax code creates strong incentives for tax arbitrage activity on the part of state governments. This arbitrage activity is illegal and previous research has typically assumed that the ...constraint against arbitrage activity is binding. This paper explicitly tests this proposition by considering whether financial asset holdings increase as the yield spread between taxable and tax exempt securities rises. Using a data set on 40 state governments over a 7 year period, I find that there is a significant response to changes in the yield spread. One implication of these results is that the Tax Reform Act of 1986, which made even greater efforts to curb arbitrage activity, is likely to be ineffective.
Describes the Special Agricultural Worker (SAW) legalization program that generated 700,000 applications in California and the hypothetical calculations required to determine whether Replenishment ...Agricultural Workers (RAWs) will be admitted to the United States to do farmwork. Concludes that immigration reform did not resolve the century-old debate over agriculture's 'need' for alien workers; instead, SAWs and RAWs have contributed to confusion on farm labor. (Abstract amended)
To determine the appropriate amount of public funds to be allocated to a development, a city must be able to gauge the value of the credits to investors. Provides guidelines for the estimation of ...this value and illustrates the calculations with a sample development. (Abstract amended)
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