Hospitals present complex indoor environment with various users, health hazards and specific activities. This paper classifies health hazards specific to the hospital environment (HE), defines their ...interactions and possible impacts on human health and summarizes recommendations for biological and chemical hazards. A detailed literature review clearly shows that there is no developed system or method for integral control of health hazards in HE. There is no appropriate technology available that would allow development of optimal thermal comfort conditions for individual users in HE. For integral control of physical hazards, an innovative low exergy (LowEx) system was designed and tested. The system enables individual control of thermal comfort parameters to meet the needs of various users in the same room. It enables the design of optional conditions for healthcare and treatment considering the different requirements of individual patients and thermally neutral zones for other users. The system application is presented in a model room for burns patient. The measured energy use was lower by 11–27% for space heating and by 32–73% for cooling, when using LowEx system as compared to the conventional system. Owning to its flexibility, the system can also be used for other potential users.
The determination of solar irradiation is crucial when planning the installation of solar systems. There are different GIS models for determining solar irradiation, which differ from each other in ...terms of input data, hardware requirements, performance, reliability and suitability, depending on the specificity of the study area and the nature of the study. Because of their diversity, urban areas pose a greater challenge for the estimation of the potential of the received solar energy. In the article we offered a methodology for determining the irradiation of urban area roofs using the GRASS GIS model r.sun, which makes the computation with high resolution spatial, atmospheric and meteorological data. The used input data is freely available for the entire territory of Slovenia. The proposed methodological approach was tested in the area of the town quarter Rožna dolina with the northern part of Vič. The area is very diverse according to the typology of the built objects, the land cover and altitude differences.
Simulation and experimental investigation of the indirect green façade (IGF) impact on thermal behaviour of buildings is presented in the paper. The study was conducted in Punat, Krk, Croatia, in the ...summer of 2018. The IGF reduced the incident solar radiation by up to 505 W/m2 and façade temperatures by up to 13.5 K. Experimental results were used to simulate the indoor thermal comfort of a simple building model. When IGF was positioned across the entire sun-exposed wall, an average decrease of operative temperature was up to 6 K for a new house and up to 5 K for a traditional stone house.
The problem of energy consumption of buildings is complex and multidimensional, as it is a cross section of building envelope performance, indoor environmental conditions and user demands and ...preferences. In order to fulfil the EU goal stated in the 2020 climate and energy package and beyond, the implementation of high-performance buildings is crucial. Part of the solution is properly designed, flexible and adequately controlled building envelope that can contribute to reduced energy consumption and to increased occupancy comfort. In the presented chapter first, a structured treatment of the indoor environment formation is proposed that can be used in order to define appropriate fields of interventions when designing building automation systems. Furthermore, interaction between adaptive building envelope elements, indoor and exterior environment is discussed and elaborated. Second, the conventional and artificial intelligence control approaches used in building automation are discussed and commented, whereas advantages and disadvantages of each group are discussed. At the end, an example of building automation system designed on the principles of a holistic treatment of indoor environment in buildings is presented. The discussed system was designed at the Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering using a combination of conventional and artificial intelligence control methods.
U radu je prikazana simulacija i eksperimentalno istraživanje utjecaja indirektne zelene fasade (IZF) na toplinsko ponašanje zgrade. Istraživanje je provedeno na lokaciji Punat na otoku Krku u ...Hrvatskoj tijekom ljeta 2018. godine. Primjenom IZF-a utjecaj sunčevog zračenja smanjen je do 505 W/m2, a temperature na vanjskoj površini fasade smanjene su do 13,5 K. Eksperimentalni su rezultati korišteni za simuliranje toplinske ugodnosti u unutrašnjosti zgrade primjenom jednostavnog modela. Kada je IZF postavljen preko čitavog zida izloženog suncu, prosječno smanjenje operativne temperature iznosilo je do 6 K za novu zgradu, tj. do 5 K za tradicionalnu kamenu kuću.
Internal environments in buildings can greatly benefit from the application of automated regulation. Such systems can lower energy consumption and boost user efficiency. Best results can be achieved ...through the application of a holistic approach where the buildings envelopes as well as the installed systems are regulated by an integral system for visual, thermal and ventilation parameters. In the paper an Integral Control system of Internal Environment (ICsIE) is presented and described. The system uses fuzzy logic controllers as well as conventional PI controllers linked in a cascade system. The system is installed in an occupied office of the Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering (FGG) in Ljubljana, Slovenia. The system has been operational since early 2009 and is capable to regulate internal visual, thermal and ventilation parameters of the office. System efficiency has been proven through numerous experiments, one of which is also presented in the paper.
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