Finding new environmentally friendly ways of producing proteins has never been of such critical public interest, both to meet consumers' needs and to preserve the environment. Milk proteins are among ...the most attractive protein types due to their high nutritional value and attractive functional properties. In this work, the separation of caseins by conventional chemical acidification was compared with electrodialysis with bipolar membrane coupled to an ultrafiltration module (EDBM-UF), a green process that allows the precipitation of caseins by H+ generated in situ by the bipolar membrane and, simultaneously, the production of a separated NaOH stream from OH− electrogenerated by the bipolar membrane. Caseinate production using this NaOH stream by-product and the quantity of NaOH needed to produce caseinates from both methods were also investigated. Hence, the purity and composition of caseins and caseinates were compared in terms of protein, ash, and lactose contents as well as mineral composition. The results showed for the first time that caseinates can be produced by solubilizing caseins with NaOH stream from the EDBM process. Furthermore, the caseins and caseinates produced by EDBM-UF were equivalent in terms of lactose and protein contents to their respective caseins and caseinates that were chemically produced but presented slightly lower sodium content and 3 to 4 times higher magnesium and calcium contents. The fact that calcium and magnesium are likely bound to milk caseins would ensure their favorable absorbability. These caseins or caseinates from the new EDBM-UF process could be suitable as an improved protein-based calcium or magnesium supplement, both for their enhanced nutritional quality and because they are produced by a “green” process.
Scientific research originating from Brazil appears to be rising in several medical fields. Research results are often presented at scientific meetings before publication in peer-reviewed journals. ...We investigated the publication rate of Brazilian studies presented in American Urological Association (AUA) meetings and compared with the rate of publication of Brazilian oncological studies presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) meetings.
a hand search of 12,454 abstracts presented at aua meetings 2001-2007 was conducted. abstracts for which at least two-thirds of institutions were from brazil were considered as brazilian. final publication was searched in pubmed and lilacs databases. oncological abstracts were also hand searched in the asco meetings proceedings in the same years.
There was no significant temporal trend in the proportion of AUA studies originating from Brazil along those 7 years. A total of 195 abstracts (1.57%) were from Brazil. One hundred (51.3%) abstracts were published in full, and the estimated 5-year publication rate was 48.2%. There was a progressive increase in publication rates for studies categorized as video, poster, and podium presentations. Considering abstracts presented in years 2001-2005, urologic publication rate was significantly higher than for abstracts presented at the ASCO meeting.
Our results suggest that the Brazilian contribution to AUA meetings is at a plateau and that the Brazilian literature contribution is greater in urology than in oncology. Efforts must be invested towards raising this plateau and understanding qualitative aspects of the urology scientific output from Brazil.
Au-delà des clivages idéologiques, André Masson éclaire, en tant qu’économiste, les enjeux des réformes à mener dans notre pays confronté au vieillissement et analyse les perspectives d’avenir de ...notre État providence. Faut-il envisager les rapports entre générations en termes de lutte ou de coopération ? Quelles sont les motivations des transmissions patrimoniales au sein des familles ? L’État providence doit-il axer ses priorités sur le début ou la fin de la vie, sur l’éducation ou sur la retraite ? Cet ouvrage consacré à l’économie du lien intergénérationnel en donne une vue d’ensemble selon trois volets : l’État, la famille, les interactions entre famille et État. Les politiques doivent-elles renforcer le lien intergénérationnel, en faisant par exemple en sorte que des retraites élevées contribuent à la réussite des jeunes en difficulté ? Ou, au contraire, dénoncer les dérives que connaîtrait un pacte générationnel de l’après-guerre mal adapté aux évolutions actuelles, quitte à privilégier d’autres logiques sociales, fondées soit sur la liberté et la responsabilité des individus, soit sur l’égalité citoyenne ? Ces questions départagent clairement les discours actuels sur le social, qui semblent se cliver autour de trois pensées antagonistes de l’État-providence que l’on qualifiera de pensées du « libre agent », « multi-solidaire », et de « l’égalité citoyenne ». Chacune a des implications précises sur les modalités de l’intervention publique, mais s’accommode de sensibilités fort diverses, sur l’échiquier politique ou vis-à-vis du féminisme notamment. Cette approche économique conduit à une meilleure compréhension des enjeux que soulève la crise de l’État-providence dans nos pays développés.
L'allongement de l'espérance de vie, notamment aux âges élevés, depuis le milieu des années 1970 fait que le risque de longévité s'accroît à nouveau, avec l'incertitude affectant les pensions futures ...et les coûts croissants associés à la santé âgée et à la dépendance. Cette évolution inédite milite pour le développement des produits viagers acquis au cours de la retraite (rente, viager, prêt viager), aujourd'hui peu diffusés. Les solutions proposées passent par des formes rénovées de ces produits - rente ou crédit adossé contractés sur une durée déterminée, « viager mutualisé » ou viage, prêt-viager ciblé sur la dépendance -, dont le développement serait encore stimulé par une réforme originale des droits de succession. L'intervention de l'État pour réguler ces marchés s'avère indispensable, elle passe notamment par une codification des tables de mortalité et une protection spécifique des catégories modestes. The lengthening of life expectancy, especially at older ages since the mid-1970s, implies that the longevity risk is growing again with more uncertain pensions in the future and increasing costs of health and long-term care. This unprecedented change advocates for the development of life products purchased in retirement (annuity, 'Viager', reverse mortgage), which have a limited diffusion today. The proposed solutions involve renovated forms of these products-annuity or housing-based credit contracted on a fixed term, "pooled viager" or viage, long-term care reverse mortgage -, whose development would be further stimulated by an original reform of inheritance taxation. The intervention of the State to regulate these markets is essential, which requires particularly a codification of mortality tables and a specific protection of modest categories.
L'allongement de l'espérance de vie, notamment aux âges élevés, depuis le milieu des années 1970 fait que le risque de longévité s'accroît à nouveau, avec l'incertitude affectant les pensions futures ...et les coûts croissants associés à la santé âgée et à la dépendance. Cette évolution inédite milite pour le développement des produits viagers acquis au cours de la retraite (rente, viager, prêt viager), aujourd'hui peu diffusés. Les solutions proposées passent par des formes rénovées de ces produits – rente ou crédit adossé contractés sur une durée déterminée, « viager mutualisé » ou viage , prêt-viager ciblé sur la dépendance –, dont le développement serait encore stimulé par une réforme originale des droits de succession. L'intervention de l'État pour réguler ces marchés s'avère indispensable, elle passe notamment par une codification des tables de mortalité et une protection spécifique des catégories modestes.Classification JEL : D31, G22, J14, J18.
With five waves from 1998 to 2011 and a strong panel dimension, the body of Pater data provides additional information to INSEE's Wealth surveys on more subjective and qualitative aspects of wealth ...behaviour. Each questionnaire includes a series of measures of preferences obtained using different methods. The measures are not the "usual" measures given in the empirical literature, they come from an original approach based on a scoring procedure, developed in 1998 and refined since. They involve questions relating to various areas of life which allow assessment of ordinal, composite and consistent indicators relating to the attitudes of each respondent towards risk and uncertainty, the extent of family altruism and the priority given to the present. The data leads only to the retention of one "score" in each of the five waves for risk and a score for altruism, and to a distinction between two separate scores for the priority given to the present. This is the degree of impatience in the short term and the time preference over the long term. In addition to this robust result, our method appears superior to other preference measures as much with regard to statistical properties and explanatory factors for the four identified scores, as for the correlations between these different scores and their effects on wealth and the demand for assets. The Pater data tracks the same savers during the crisis, and like other sources shows less appetite among French people to risks in their savings or their portfolio choices. However, this change in behaviour cannot be explained by a change in saver preferences, which have remained statistically stable since June 2007, but is above all explained by increasingly gloomy expectations with regard to returns and the risks of financial assets. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
In France, the wealth gap is widening between the oldest and youngest members of the population and moreover the youngest inherit increasingly late. Various fiscal measures have sought to rectify ...this imbalance. In 2007, for example, the exemption on transmissions to children was multiplied threefold and raised to 150,000 Euros. It has since been brought back to 100,000 Euros. Several studies show that parents are receptive to the tax breaks granted to donations. The impact of such transfers is, however, open to question. How are donations, and especially early donations, actually used? This article recalls the increasing importance of transmissions in France and the wealth inequalities between generations. The data from the INSEE 2010 Wealth survey then make it possible to study the impact of the different forms of transmission (inter vivos or after death) on two key behaviour patterns of the young generations: purchase of the main residence and start-up of a business. We show that the probability of starting up or taking over a business is greater when a donation has been received but is not with an inheritance. The probability of purchasing a home increases with both forms of transfer. We put forward several measurements of the intensity of the link between transmissions and investments. The link is all the stronger when the beneficiary of the transfer is young. It would appear that the increase in the prices of real estate in the first decade of the century went hand in hand with a strengthening of the link between a donation and the purchase of a home. Finally, we address the issue of the causal effect of a donation. Does it reinforce the decision to buy the home or is it a support for a decision already made? We use the fact that the probability of receiving a donation decreases with the number of brothers and sisters to show that the causal effect of a donation is greater than the effects previously evidenced.
The lively debate between Laurence J. Kotlikoff and Franco Modigliani presented in the Spring 1988 issue of this journal concerns an old question: what is the main motivation for saving and therefore ...for the accumulation of wealth? More specifically, what are the respective contributions to aggregate wealth of 1) saving for retirement (also known as “hump” saving); 2) precautionary savings (and “unintended” bequests) due to uncertainty about the length of life; and 3) planned bequests? If Modigliani's life-cycle hypothesis is to be viewed as a close to approximation of reality, then the bulk of existing wealth should have resulted from some combination of hump and precautionary saving. Our comment on this dispute attempts to advance two issues. First, the controversy involves an enormous gap between empirical estimates of the share of “inherited wealth” in total accumulation, even though the estimates are often based on the same data. We hope to clarify why the estimates vary so widely. Second, the Kotlikoff/Modigliani dispute is presented as an American issue, with little extension abroad. We will present some results from other countries that bear on the controversy.
Des liens et des transferts entre generations Lautman, Jacques; Masson, André
Archives européennes de sociologie. European journal of sociology.,
12/2011, Letnik:
52, Številka:
3
Journal Article
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