Causes of War Russell, Bertrand
Russell,
07/2023, Letnik:
43, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The text presented below is the only known version, from the cheap softcover edition of the Encyclopaedia (priced 6d ) published by Chatto & Windus under the auspices of the Peace Pledge Union—the ...British pacifist group of which both Huxley and Russell were sponsors, along with, in all likelihood, other of the work’s anonymous contributors. The English Civil War combined religious and political motives in equal measure. The French revolutionary wars, the American Civil War, and the various civil wars since 1815, involved important politico-economic issues, and were all, in a greater or less degree, creed wars.
“Editor’s Note by International News Service—Bertrand Russell, distinguished English philosopher and scholar, recently returned to England from a visit to the United States. In articles written for ...the press of the English intelligentsia he intimated that he did not think all was well with the United States, and he was invited to write for the International News Service his views on ‘What Is Wrong with America’. He has written here a frank statement of his views.”
Objective
To examine the effect of age of first exposure to tackle football on chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) pathological severity and age of neurobehavioral symptom onset in tackle football ...players with neuropathologically confirmed CTE.
Methods
The sample included 246 tackle football players who donated their brains for neuropathological examination. Two hundred eleven were diagnosed with CTE (126 of 211 were without comorbid neurodegenerative diseases), and 35 were without CTE. Informant interviews ascertained age of first exposure and age of cognitive and behavioral/mood symptom onset.
Results
Analyses accounted for decade and duration of play. Age of exposure was not associated with CTE pathological severity, or Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body pathology. In the 211 participants with CTE, every 1 year younger participants began to play tackle football predicted earlier reported cognitive symptom onset by 2.44 years (p < 0.0001) and behavioral/mood symptoms by 2.50 years (p < 0.0001). Age of exposure before 12 predicted earlier cognitive (p < 0.0001) and behavioral/mood (p < 0.0001) symptom onset by 13.39 and 13.28 years, respectively. In participants with dementia, younger age of exposure corresponded to earlier functional impairment onset. Similar effects were observed in the 126 CTE‐only participants. Effect sizes were comparable in participants without CTE.
Interpretation
In this sample of deceased tackle football players, younger age of exposure to tackle football was not associated with CTE pathological severity, but predicted earlier neurobehavioral symptom onset. Youth exposure to tackle football may reduce resiliency to late‐life neuropathology. These findings may not generalize to the broader tackle football population, and informant‐report may have affected the accuracy of the estimated effects. Ann Neurol 2018;83:886–901
Ištraukoje nagrinėjamos fakto, tikėjimo, tiesos, pažinimo sąvokos. Teigiama, kad faktas yra visa, kas yra pasaulyje. Faktai yra tai, kas teiginius daro teisingus ar neteisingus. Tiesa apibrėžiama ...kaip tikėjimo savybė ir (kaip išvestinė) tikėjimą nusakančių sakinių savybė. Tiesa iškyla kaip tam tikras tikėjimo ir vieno ar daugiau skirtingų nuo tikėjimo faktų santykis. Tikėjimas tuo, kas nepatirta, liečia ne individus, esančius už patyrimo ribų, bet klases, kuriose nė vienas narys nėra patirtas. Tikėjimas visada turi būti toks, kad jį būtų galima skaidyti į elementus, kuriuos patyrimas padarė prasmingus, bet kai tikėjimas išreiškiamas logine forma, jis dažnai reikalauja analizės, kurioje operuojama nežinomais iš patyrimo elementais. Sakinio reikšmė kyla iš jį sudarančių žodžių reikšmių ir sintaksės taisyklių. Žodžių reikšmė turi būti gaunama iš patyrimo, o sakinio reikšmei tai nebūtina – ji gali būti suprasta kaip aprašymas: kai jis aprašo faktą, sakinys yra teisingas, priešingu atveju – neteisingas.
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