•Introduce occupation-specific language requirements as a novel instrument.•Language requirements cause variation in immigrant allocation across occupations.•Use to identify effects on natives’ ...earnings, employment outcomes and skill-upgrading.•Effects during immigration surge to Norway after eastward enlargement of the EU.
This paper introduces a novel approach to estimating immigration impacts on natives’ labor market outcomes. Differential language requirements across occupations serve as an arguably exogenous source of variation during the large and sudden immigration surge to Norway after the enlargements of the European labor market in 2004 and 2007. Migrant inflow into occupations is instrumented with occupations’ required level of (Norwegian) language skills. Administrative register data allow for a rich set of individual-level outcomes. Comparing workers in occupations with different language requirements, I find that a one percentage point increase in the share of Eastern European workers reduced native workers’ labor earnings by 0.75 percent. I further find adverse employment effects and evidence of skill-upgrading, but largely no other form of worker mobility among treated individuals. In particular, young woŕkers were hit in the wage dimension and old workers in the employment dimension. The results are highly robust.
The harm that drugs cause to users and society is the typical rationale for the regulation of illicit drugs and the punishment of drug offenders. However, what factors actually influence people's ...punishment responses to drug offenses? A sample of 196 residents of Wellington, New Zealand completed measures that assessed their perceptions of the social threat caused by drugs, the harm of drugs, their feelings of emotional warmth towards drug offenders, and their perceptions of the moral wrongfulness of drug offenses. They then assigned punishment to different drug offenses. Perceptions of moral wrongfulness was the best predictor of punishment responses across offense types, although perceptions of individual harm and social threat also independently predicted punishment to, respectively, cannabis-use offenses and cannabis-sale offenses. The results of this study suggest that the amount of punishment deemed appropriate for different drug offenses is most strongly influenced by individuals' perceptions of the moral wrongfulness of drug offending.
Bischöfliches Sendschreiben von der Buse Thun und Hohenstein, Joseph Maria Bischof zu Gurk Graf von; Thun and Hohenstein, Joseph Maria Bishop to Gurk Count of
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