Drosophila melanogaster genomic sequences homologous to the mammalian oncogenes ras, src, jun, fos, ets, and wnt are considered. Their structure, expression, and functions are compared.
Phenomics is a field of science at the junction of biology and informatics which solves the problems of rapid, accurate estimation of the plant phenotype; it was rapidly developed because of the need ...to analyze phenotypic characteristics in large scale genetic and breeding experiments in plants. It is based on using the methods of computer image analysis and integration of biological data. Owing to automation, new approaches make it possible to considerably accelerate the process of estimating the characteristics of a phenotype, to increase its accuracy, and to remove a subjectivism (inherent to humans). The main technologies of high-throughput plant phenotyping in both controlled and field conditions, their advantages and disadvantages, and also the prospects of their use for the efficient solution of problems of plant genetics and breeding are presented in the review.
Glycolysis is a main catabolic pathway of glucose metabolism, accompanied by ATP synthesis. More than 30 enzymes are involved in glycolysis, and genes that encode them can be considered housekeeping ...genes due to the high conservatism and evolutionary antiquity of the process. We studied the expression of these genes in kidney papillary cancer and planocellular lung cancer via the bioinformatic analysis of transcriptome database and method of quantitative real time PCR. Quantitative analysis of mRNA level demonstrated that only a part of genes that encode glycolysis enzymes maintain relatively stable mRNA level, including the
HK1, ADPGK, GPI, PGK1
, and
PKM2
genes in kidney papillary cancer and the
ADPGK, ALDOA, GAPDH, PGK1, BPGM, ENO1
, and
PKM2
genes in planocellular lung cancer. The frequent increase in the mRNA expression of
PFKP, ALDOA
, and
GAPDH
genes in kidney cancer, as well as the
GPI
gene in lung cancer, were detected for the first time by real time PCR. For other genes, their differential expression was demonstrated; the cases of both a decrease and increase in the mRNA level were detected. Thus, several genes that can be used as control genes in transcriptome analysis by real time PCR in kidney and lung cancer, as well as a number of differentially expressed genes that can be potential oncomarkers, were identified.
The structure of the Buryat gene pool has been studied based on the composition and frequency of Y-chromosome haplogroups in eight geographically distant populations. Eleven haplogroups have been ...found in the Buryat gene pool, two of which are the most frequent (N1c1 and C3d). The greatest difference in haplogroup frequencies was fixed between western and eastern Buryat samples. The evaluation of genetic diversity based on haplogroup frequencies revealed that it has low values in most of the samples. The evaluation of the genetic differentiation of the examined samples using an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) shows that the Buryat gene pool is highly differentiated by haplotype frequencies. Phylogenetic analysis within haplogroups N1c1 and C3d revealed a strong founder effect, i.e., reduced diversity and starlike phylogeny of the median network of haplotypes that form specific subclusters. The results of a phylogenetic analysis of the haplogroups identified common genetic components for Buryats and Mongols.
Tumor-specific genetic or epigenetic alterations have been detected in serum DNA in case of various types of cancers. In breast cancer, the detection of tumor suppressor gene hypermethylation has ...been reported in several body fluids. Promoter hypermethylation of some genes like MYOD1, CALCA, hTERT, etc. has also been detected in serum samples from cervical cancer. The present study is the first report on the comparison of promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes like p14, p15, p16, p21, p27, p57, p53, p73, RARβ2, FHIT, DAPK, STAT1, and RB1 genes in paired biopsy and serum samples from cervical cancer patients among north Indian population. This is also the first report on the hypermethylation of these genes in serum samples from cervical cancer patients among north Indian population. According to the results of the present study, promoter hypermethylation of these genes can also be detected in serum samples of cervical cancer patients. The sensitivity of detection of promoter hypermethylalion in serum samples of cervical cancer patients as compared to paired biopsy samples was found to be around 83.3%. It was observed that promoter hypermethylation was mainly observed in the serum samples in the higher stages and very rarely in the lower stages. The present study clearly showed that serum of patients with cervical cancer can also be used to study methylated genes as biomarkers.
The phylogenetic relationships among 26 species of salmonid fishes (family Salmonidae) were studied using the
RAG1
gene as phylogenetic marker. No unambiguous relationships between thymalllins, ...coregonins, and salmonins it was possible to establish. It seems likely, that divergence of these lineages took place during rather short time interval (about 3 to 4 million years). The thymallins are thought to be the first separated lineage. The genera of the subfamily Salmoninae form two distinct monophyletic groups, represented by (1)
Brachymystax
and
Hucho
and (2)
Salmo, Parahucho, Salvelinus, Parasalmo
and
Oncorhynchus
. Ancestral forms of these two evolutionary lineages could diverge at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary (about 24 million years ago). It is suggested that diversification of the main lineages within the second group was rather rapid, and took place in middle Miocene (about 19–16 million years ago). Moreover, the lineages of
Salvelinus, Parasalmo
and
Oncorhynchus
were the latest to diverge. It seems likely that divergence of the
Prosopium
and
Coregonus
ancestral lineages occurred during the same time interval.
Soybean is recognized as one of the plants which are very difficult to be transformed. Considering the low transformation efficiency of soybean, we aimed to determine the effect of ...6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), shoot induction time, and infection time of Agrobacterium on the clonal propagation of Glycine max. Results showed that 1.6 mg/L 6-BA could be optimal to promote the induction of adventitious shoots. An induction time of 15 d was considered optimal for the actual experiment involving soybean shoot induction. Agrobacterium was cultured until an OD₆₀₀ = 0.8 was reached for an infection time of 30 min; this infection time may be optimal to promote soybean transformation. Whole genome DNA methylation was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-assisted quantification, and DNA methylation result is consistent with the phenotypic data of shoot development. In addition, two methylation-related genes (decrease in DNA methylation 1 and DNA methyl transferases chromomethylase 2) were analyzed to determine expression differences by qRT-PCR in the shoots that were developed under different experimental conditions. In general, the expression values of these genes were normally downregulated under the recommended experimental conditions of soybean regeneration. This study showed the overall methylation changes in the in vitro culture of soybean, as affected by several variable parameters, which is useful to promote the transformation efficiency of soybean.
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