In 1980, the United Nations Convention for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) came into being as an attempt to create a uniform commercial sales law. This book, first published in 2007, compares ...two major restatements - the UNIDROIT Principles and the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) - with CISG articles. This work has gathered scholars and legal practitioners from twenty countries who contribute analysis on the various issues covered in the articles of the CISG comparing them with how the issue is treated in the UNIDROIT and PECL restatements.The introductory section of the book addresses theoretical and practical issues of the appropriate interpretive methodology as mandated in CISG Article 7 and it is followed by individual analyses of the Convention's provisions.
Purpose: Sensitivity Performance company to economics depend on sold service. Condition of company’s finance always becomes especial reason to a company to develop its effort. One of the source of ...fund to company is liquefaction of receivable. Not rarely receivable cannot be billed for as according to its due date, which is on finally must be done abolition to receivable. Intention of this research is to know Effectiveness receivable measured, from industrial ACP. The purpose of this research is to measure the level of ACP of companies engaged in household needs and lifestyles that are included in the stock exchange. Benefit of research is known of ACP hence earning is immediately known by receivable effectiveness.
Design/methodology/approach: This study used a descriptive research method. Data is the document obtained financial statement for the period of 2021. As for the subjects in this study are companies engaged in household needs and lifestyle, by calculating the ACP based on the financial statements in 2021.
Findings: Based on the results of calculations using the ACP formula, the big unknown ACP is below the industry average. This means that the average consumer pays his debts to the company on deadlines faster than the industry average. This means that the ACP period of companies engaged in the household and lifestyle equipment business is in good condition even though they are facing the era of covid 19.
Research limitations/implications: The limitation in this study is that calculating ACP can only be done for one entity.
Practical implications: The results of this study can be used as a comparison in a cluster of companies engaged in similar fields.
Originality/value: The focus of the research is to find ways to calculate the effectiveness of sales on receivables during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Paper type: Research paper
While numerous studies have addressed the issue of price formation in first-sale fish markets, little is known about the purchasing decisions of buyers. Using exhaustive data on 11.7 million ...transactions made in 2021 and 2022 by 1955 buyers in France, we provide an unsupervised classification that reveals the heterogeneous behavior of buyers in terms of quantity purchased, average price paid, number of markets visited, and type of transaction. The results of a hierarchical agglomeration cluster analysis led to eight buyer groups. We show that there are a small number of very active buyers, both at auction and over-the-counter, who purchase daily in large quantities and at many different markets, and whose main activity is wholesale. We find that the price-quantity elasticity values for first sales are very low, but the price paid by large buyers is even less sensitive to quantity than that observed for other buyer groups.
•Analysis of the purchasing decisions of buyers active in French first-sale fish markets.•Classification of 1955 buyers involved in 11.7 million transactions into eight groups.•Two small groups include big buyers purchasing large quantities of fish.•The price-quantity elasticity is small for all buyer groups.
The results of three different groups of customers, each exposed to a different sales technique, were compared in order to evaluate which sales technique was more effective for achieving higher ...levels of sustained attention. The study used the Neurosky headband to measure brainwaves in millivolts. The three compared sales techniques were: 1) the training technique for sale, termed as structured by the AIDA model; 2) the traditional sale, here called unstructured; 3) and a structured technique with the help of simultaneous stimulation by several neuroattentional pathways, prescribed by the developments of the neuroscience of consumption (CN). The results showed a statistically significant difference in achieved sustained attention levels, presenting higher levels in clients exposed to the sales training technique and ower scores in those exposed to one of the techniques used by the CN. These results are discussed in relation to the concept of sustained attention in clients when the stimulation of a single neuroattentional pathway is used as compared to the activation of several pathways simultaneously.
This paper provides the first evidence of a moral hazard in signaling in an entrepreneurial finance context, by examining token offerings or Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs). Entrepreneurs' ability to ...signal quality is crucial to succeeding in the competition for growth capital. However, the absence of institutions that verify endogenous signals may induce a moral hazard in signaling. Consistent with this hypothesis, artificial linguistic intelligence indicates that token issuers systematically exaggerate information disclosed in whitepapers. Exaggerating entrepreneurs raise more funds in less time, suggesting that investors do not see through this practice initially. Eventually, the crowd learns about the exaggeration bias through trading with other investors. The resulting investor disappointment causes the cryptocurrency to depreciate and the probability of platform failure to increase.
•This paper studies Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) to provide the first-ever evidence of a moral hazard in signaling in this entrepreneurial finance context.•The empirical findings suggest that token issuers systematically exaggerate information disclosed in whitepapers.•Exaggerating entrepreneurs raise more funds in less time.•However, exaggerating signals backfires as soon as investors learn about the bias through trading with other investors.
There are several factors associated with the sale of cosmetic products which contribute to gaining market share for related companies in this industry. Furthermore, sales forecasting is ...indispensable in all levels of a company’s supply chain including production, distribution and logistics, marketing, and sale. This article mainly focuses on the analysis of characteristics affecting sales and sales forecasting in the cosmetics industry in which it will be helpful in determining sales strategies of cosmetics companies. Therefore, as a case study in this study, the main factors affecting the sale of cosmetic products were determined and categorized; accordingly. Three products including moisturizing cream, perfume, and sunscreen were examined using a statistical method. The effect of factors on product sales was predicted using the spline smooth prediction method and based on the predicted values, using the non-parametric Friedman test and Mean Rank, the effective factors were ranked in each of the three products. Moreover, the company’s sales volume in each of the three products was forecasted by using ARIMA models. The results demonstrated that factors such as “price” and “product” elements are the main drivers influencing the sales of moisturizing creams and “promotion” and “Inflation rate” factors play the most effective role in the sales of the perfume. Also, the compound aggregated growth rate (CAGR) for moisturizers, perfumes, and sunscreens over a five-year period in the study company are 30%, 29%, and 45%, respectively. It is very clear that to achieve ideal sales, paying attention to these influential factors and forecasting product sales lead to predicting material procurement of manufactures, distribution channels, and sales which finally provides business with customer satisfaction.
This research shows that it is key to have up‐to‐date information on payment behavior per type of point of sale (POS) and on how this behavior is driven by sociodemographic factors and perceived ...payment instrument attributes. Based on 2004 and 2014 data of the Netherlands, we find substantial shifts in the drivers of payment behavior. The sociodemographic factors behind the adoption of the credit card and debit card have changed, especially for the latter payment card. In addition, there are substantial shifts in the effects of sociodemographic factors and perceived relative payment attributes on which payment instrument consumers most often use. Shifts in payment behavior depend on the type of POS. Overall, we find that safety has become more important for payment behavior. The extent to which payment behavior depends on user‐friendliness and speed has somewhat decreased. (JEL C25, D12, E42)
Social media big data analytics: A survey Ghani, Norjihan Abdul; Hamid, Suraya; Targio Hashem, Ibrahim Abaker ...
Computers in human behavior,
December 2019, 2019-12-00, 20191201, Letnik:
101
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Big data analytics has recently emerged as an important research area due to the popularity of the Internet and the advent of the Web 2.0 technologies. Moreover, the proliferation and adoption of ...social media applications have provided extensive opportunities and challenges for researchers and practitioners. The massive amount of data generated by users using social media platforms is the result of the integration of their background details and daily activities. This enormous volume of generated data known as “big data” has been intensively researched recently. A review of the recent works is presented to obtain a broad perspective of the social media big data analytics research topic. We classify the literature based on important aspects. This study also compares possible big data analytics techniques and their quality attributes. Moreover, we provide a discussion on the applications of social media big data analytics by highlighting the state-of-the-art techniques, methods, and the quality attributes of various studies. Open research challenges in big data analytics are described as well.
•We review recent work on big social media analytics.•We provide classification of big data analytics on social media.•Recent advance in machine learning algorithms are discussed.•We highlight some of the research challenges.
This research examines consumers' general in-store mobile phone use and shopping behavior. Anecdotal evidence has suggested that mobile phone use decreases point-of-purchase sales, but the results of ...the current study indicate instead that it can increase purchases overall. Using eye-tracking technology in both a field study and a field experiment, matched with sales receipts and survey responses, the authors show that mobile phone use (vs. nonuse) and actual mobile phone use patterns both lead to increased purchases, because consumers divert from their conventional shopping loop, spend more time in the store, and spend more time examining products and prices on shelves. Building on attention capacity theories, this study proposes and demonstrates that the underlying mechanism for these effects is distraction. This article also provides some insights into boundary conditions of the mobile phone use effect.
•We present a mathematical model of inventory routing problem for perishable goods.•The lost sale cost is integrated in the inventory routing problem.•The demand for perishable goods is assumed to be ...a function of the inventory age.•The model is linearized in order to make it solvable using CPLEX.•A hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm based on SA–TS is devised to solve larger instances.
This paper presents a mathematical model for an inventory routing problem (IRP). The model is especially designed for allocating the stock of perishable goods. It is assumed that the age of the perishable inventory has a negative impact on the demand of end customers and a percentage of the demand is considered as lost sale. The proposed model balances the transportation cost, the cost of inventory holding and lost sale. In addition to the usual inventory routing constraints, we consider the cost of lost sale as a linear or an exponential function of the inventory age. The proposed model is solved to optimality for small instances and is used to obtain lower bounds for larger instances. We have also devised an efficient meta-heuristic algorithm to find good solutions for this class of problems based on Simulated Annealing (SA) and Tabu Search (TS). Computational results indicate that, for small problems, the average optimality gaps are less than 10.9% and 13.4% using linear and exponential lost sale functions, respectively. Furthermore, we show that the optimality gaps found by CPLEX grow exponentially with the problem size while those obtained by the proposed meta-heuristic algorithm increase linearly.
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