Claw lameness can be associated to biomechanical factors caused by unbalanced pressure distribution under the hooves when cows are confined in modern dairy operations with hard concrete flooring. In ...the present study, an original claw subdivision4 was slightly modified to differentiate between the anterior (typical sole lesion spot) and posterior portions of the medial sole, and to emphasize the maximum pressures applied only on the area of contact without including the total area within these regions during midstance. The results, obtained showed significance (p < 0.044) for the interaction among Group, Leg and region (G*L*R). It was observed that the rear portion of the claws (heels) on the hind limb of untrimmed cows, are more stressed than the heel region on trimmed cows (23 % versus 16.72% of total pressure applied on the claw for untrimmed and trimmed respectively). The typical sole lesion spot pressures were increased slightly on trimmed cows as compared to untrimmed (20.20% versus 15.9%). The front feet presented differences in pressure concentration on the lateral sole between both groups (29% versus 23.25% for untrimmed versus trimmed respectively). It was concluded that, although the differences were small (5%) changes in pressure concentration, untrimmed cows stress more the sole lateral as compared to trimmed on the front feet, and on the rear feet, they stress more the heel region whereas trimmed cows tend to have a slight better balance among regions. Conversely, when cows are trimmed, the typical sole lesion spot concentrates more pressure than the heel itself (20.20% versus 16.72% respectively) and may favor the occurrence of sole ulcers.
Laminite (manqueira) pode ser associado a fatores mecânicos, causados por falta de balanceamento na distribuição de pressão na sola dos cascos de vacas confinadas em instalações modernas, que utilizam pisos de concreto. No presente estudo, a subdivisão original dos cascos de vacas leiteiras foi modificada para diferenciar-se entre a porção anterior (local típico de lesão) e posterior da sola medial dos cascos, e para enfatizar as pressões máximas aplicadas somente na área de contato não levando em consideração a área total da sola. Os resultados mostraram significância estatística (p < 0.044) para a interação entre Grupo, Pata e Região (G*L*R). Foi observado que a porção posterior (calcanhar) das patas traseiras de vacas não-casqueadas foram estressadas mais intensamente que de vacas casqueadas (23 % versus 16.72% da pressão total aplicada nas patas em não-casqueadas e casqueadas respectivamente). As pressões na região do local típico de lesão aumentaram em animais casqueados comparado com não-casqueados (20.20% versus 15.9%). As patas da frente apresentaram diferenças na concentração de pressão da sola lateral (29% versus 23.25% em não-casqueadas versus casqueadas, respectivamente). Foi concluído que, apesar das diferenças serem pequenas (5%) mudanças nas concentrações de pressão, vacas não-casqueadas estressaram mais a porção da sola lateral, comparado a vacas casqueadas nas patas da frente, enquanto nas traseiras elas estressam mais a região do calcanhar, e as vacas casqueadas tendem a ter uma distribuição melhor de pressão entre as regiões. No entanto, quando as vacas são casqueads, a região típica de lesão tende a concentrar mais pressão do que o próprio calcanhar (20.20% versus 16.72% respectivamente) podendo favorecer a incidência de úlcera de sola.
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Floods occurred in the drainage basins of two large mountain tributaries of the Vistula—the Soła and the Skawa in 1996, 1997 and 2001. This paper shows changes in petrographical composition of gravel ...bars and characteristics of clasts in both rivers after the episodes of flood transport. The drainage basins of both rivers lie within the Carpathian mountains in their southern, headwater parts, and the in the Oświęcim Depression, belonging to the foreland, in the northern part. The Soła and Skawa are gravel-bed rivers which transport mostly sandstone and conglomerate gravels derived from erosion of flysch rocks. Both drainage basins share many characteristic features, the main difference being their hydrotechnical infrastructure. The Soła is regulated by three dams and the discharge below the dams is artificially controlled. There is no dam in the Skawa and its discharges are natural. Petrographical composition of gravels, roundness, shape and size of clasts were studied in 12 sites in the Soła valley and in 11 sites in the Skawa valley after each flood. More than 5000 clasts were studied in total.
Granulometrical characteristics of the sediments changed markedly after the floods. Both increase and decrease in mean size of largest clasts in gravel bars were observed. The results point to the important role played by the tributaries, which control the characteristics of clasts in the main rivers. In the foreland, lateral supply is not so important, because the bedrock consists of argillaceous rocks which do not produce gravels. The processes observed there include selection of material and changes in its composition caused by the presence of dams. Conglomerates are the least resistant to flood transport among gravel components. The most resistant are quartz clasts, but they are present only in the finest size classes. The most persistent characteristic of the clasts is their shape. The influence of the dams on clasts characteristics, contrary to expectations, is only slight. It is visible only in the greater proportion of quartz clasts in the alluvium of the Soła where the dams are present.
Light the lamp Findlay, Christopher; Pangestu, Mari; Parsons, David
2010., 2010, 2010-06-21, Letnik:
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eBook
This is a collection of papers dedicated to the memory of well-known WTO staffer Bijit Bora who died suddenly in 2006. The papers include applied analysis of questions of policy in international ...trade in fields related to Bora's interests, including foreign direct investment, trade in services, competition policy, and trade and development. It contains previously unpublished papers by Bora himself on the impact of the WTO.
Izlaganje se sastoji od dva dijela. U prvom dijelu izdvajaju se četiri termina koja se povezuju s interpretacijom poznatog reformacijskoga načela sola scriptura. Različitost tih termina svjedoči o ...tome kako jedno naizgled jednostavno načelo otvara mnoga pitanja koja se tiču njegova razumijevanja i primjene. U drugom dijelu na temelju dokumenta „Od sukoba do zajedništva“ prigodom 500. obljetnice Reformacije predstavljaju se plodovi luteransko-katoličkoga dijaloga koji se tiču Pisma i Predaje. Obje strane u tom dijalogu uviđaju da se načelo sola scriptura ne može uzeti izolirano od ostalih segmenata kršćanske vjere i života.
: This essay deals with Kevin Vanhoozer's warning that the central attention that sola scriptura had once enjoyed is being paid instead to a sola traditio principle in postmodern theology. It argues ...that the emphasis on tradition does not necessitate a dispensation with sola scriptura. It points to Martin Luther's and Friedrich Scheliermacher's understanding of the role of Scripture in faith, and to Hans‐George Gadamer's hermeneutic understanding of tradition, to show that the original content of sola scriptura proves its principal value for today's interest in the tradition(s) of performance in the church. Sola scriptura both takes the text and its enactment into consideration and postulates that neither Scripture nor tradition alone work as a criterion for doing theology.
Abstract We report a detailed paleomagnetic and rock-magnetic study of 19 independent lava flows belonging to the Eastern Alkaline Province (EAP) in Mexico. In total, 162 oriented samples were ...collected in four areas (Sierra de Tantima-Alamo, Tlanchinol, Chiconquiaco-Palma Sola and Poza Rica). All sites analyzed in this study were previously dated by means of the unspiked K-Ar geochronological method (Ferrari et al., J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. , 146 , 284–306, 2005) and span from 14.6 to 1.5 Ma. Rock-magnetic experiments point to simple magnetic mineralogy. In most cases, the remanence is carried by Ti-poor titanomagnetite of pseudosingle-domain grain size. In a few cases, Ti-rich titanomagnetites are responsible for the magnetization. The characteristic paleodirections are successfully isolated for all of the studied units. The mean paleodirection, discarding two intermediate polarity sites, is D =359.5°, I =32.9°, n =17, k =30, α 95 =6.7°. This direction is practically undistinguishable from the expected Mio-Pliocene paleodirections, as derived from reference poles for the North American polar wander curve, and is in agreement with the previously reported directions from the western Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. This suggests that no major tectonic rotation occurred in studied area since the middle Miocene to Present. The paleosecular variation is estimated through the study of the scatter of virtual geomagnetic poles, giving S F =12.7 with S U =16.5 and S L =10.3 (upper and lower limits, respectively). These values are consistent with those predicted by the latitude-dependent variation model of McFadden et al. ( Geophys. Res. , 93 , 11583–11588, 1991) for the last 5 Myr. Eleven sites yielded reverse magnetic polarity, six are normally magnetized and two lava flows provided apparently intermediate paleodirections. An interesting feature of the paleomagnetic record obtained from EAP volcanics is that two independent lava flows, dated as 2.04±0.04 and 1.97±0.04 Ma, respectively, both yield normal paleodirections during the reverse Matuyama period. These sites were apparently formed during the Réunion geomagnetic event worldwide observed.
ABSTRACT
Methods for detection of pore fluid overpressures in shales from seismic data have become widespread in the oil industry. Such methods are largely based on the identification of anomalous ...seismic velocities, and on subsequent determination of pore pressures through relationships between seismic velocities and the vertical effective stress (VES). Although it is well known that lithology variations and compaction mechanisms should be accounted for in pore pressure evaluation, a systematic approach to evaluation of these factors in seismic pore pressure prediction seems to be absent. We have investigated the influence of lithology variations and compaction mechanism on shale velocities from acoustic logs. This was performed by analyses of 80 wells from the northern North Sea and 24 wells from the Haltenbanken area. The analyses involved identification of large‐scale density and velocity variations that were unrelated to overpressure variations, which served as a basis for the analyses of the resolution of overpressure variations from well log data. The analyses demonstrated that the overpressures in neither area were associated with compaction disequilibrium. A significant correlation between acoustic velocity and fluid overpressure nevertheless exists in the Haltenbanken data, whereas the correlation between these two parameters is weak to non‐existing in the North Sea shales. We do not presently know why acoustic velocities in the two areas respond differently to fluid overpressuring. Smectitic rocks often have low permeabilities, and define the top of overpressures in the northern North Sea when they are buried below 2 km. As smectitic rocks are characterized by low densities and low acoustic velocities, their presence may be identified from seismic data. Smectite identification from seismic data may thus serve as an indirect overpressure indicator in some areas. Our investigations demonstrate the importance of including geological work and process understanding in pore pressure evaluation work. As a response to the lack of documented practice within this area, we suggest a workflow for geological analyses that should be performed and integrated with seismic pore pressure prediction.
Alan Deardorff was 65 years old on June 6, 2009. To celebrate this occasion, a Festschrift in his honor was held on October 2–3, 2009, in the Rackham Amphitheater at the University of Michigan in Ann ...Arbor. The Festschrift was entitled “Comparative Advantage, Economic Growth, and the Gains from Trade and Globalization: A Festschrift in Honor of Alan V Deardorff.” It was co-organized by two of Professor Deardorff's former students, Drusilla Brown of Tufts University and Robert Staiger of Stanford University, together with Robert Stern representing the University of Michigan.
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